French and Indian War

229 Pages·2003·4.492 MB·English

by  Laurie Collier Hillstrom, Kevin Hillstrom, Lawrence W. Baker, Julie Carnagie

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Laurie Collier
Hillstrom and
Kevin Hillstrom
Lawrence W. Baker and
Julie L. Carnagie, Editors
Indian French War FM 2/25/03 12:03 PM Page iv
French and Indian War
Laurie Collier Hillstrom and Kevin Hillstrom
Project Editors Imaging and Multimedia Composition
Lawrence W. Baker, Julie L. Carnagie Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Mary Grimes, Evi Seoud
Lezlie Light, Dan Newell, Christine
Permissions O’Bryan, Robyn Young Manufacturing
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Product Design
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graphic, electronic, or mechanical, in- Washington, Chief Pontiac, and “Brad-
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER
Hillstrom, Laurie Collier, 1965–
French and Indian War / Laurie Collier Hillstrom and Kevin Hillstrom ;
Lawrence W. Baker and Julie L. Carnagie, editors.
p. cm.
Summary: A comprehensive overview of the French and Indian War, including bi-
ographies and full or excerpted memoirs, speeches, and other source documents.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-6560-6
1. United States—History—French and Indian War, 1755–1763—Juvenile litera-
ture. [1. United States—History—French and Indian War, 1755–1763.] I. Hillstrom,
Kevin, 1963– II. Baker, Lawrence W. III. Carnagie, Julie. IV. Title.
E199 .H55 2003
973.2’6—dc21
2002155415
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
People to Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
French and Indian War Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Research and Activity Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Almanac
Chapter 1: Events Leading to the French
and Indian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2: 1753: Washington’s Diplomatic Mission . . . 12
Chapter 3: 1754: The Fighting Begins. . . . . . . . . . 23
Chapter 4: 1755: British Forces Suffer a Serious Defeat. . 35
Chapter 5: 1756–57: The French Gain the Upper Hand. . 54
Chapter 6: 1758: The British Turn the Tide . . . . . . . 67
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Chapter 7: 1759: The Fall of Canada . . . . . . . . . . 80
Chapter 8: 1760–62: The War Continues in Europe. . . . 93
Chapter 9: 1763–65: The War Ends in Europe,
but Conflicts Continue in North America. . . . . . 102
Biographies
Jeffery Amherst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Louis-Antoine de Bougainville. . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Edward Braddock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
John Forbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
William Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm-Gozon
de Saint-Véran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
William Pitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Pontiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Robert Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
George Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
James Wolfe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Where to Learn More. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
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Reader’s Guide
French and Indian War presents a comprehensive overview
of the struggle for control of North America that took
place between French and British forces—as well as each
side’s colonists and Indian allies—from 1754 to 1763. The
volume is divided into two sections: Almanac and Biogra-
phies. The Almanac section consists of nine chapters that are
arranged chronologically and cover all aspects of the conflict.
The Almanac begins by describing the early struggles between
French and British settlers for control of trade and territory in
North America. It then details the progress of the war, culmi-
nating with the pivotal British victory in the Battle of Que-
bec. It concludes with a discussion of the enduring changes
the war produced in the relationship between Great Britain
and its colonies—changes that eventually led to the American
Revolution (1775–83). Each chapter of the Almanac section
includes “Words to Know” and “People to Know” boxes that
define important terms and individuals discussed in the
chapter for easy reference.
The Biographies section includes profiles of eleven im-
portant figures from the French and Indian War era. The essays
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cover such key people as Jeffery Amherst, a British general who
led the siege of Louisbourg and the capture of Montreal;
William Johnson, a British official who served as commission-
er of Indian affairs in the American colonies during the war;
Louis-Joseph, marquis de Montcalm-Gozon de Saint-Véran, a
French general who handed the British several defeats before
he was killed during the Battle of Quebec; Pontiac, an Ottawa
chief who led a postwar Indian uprising against the British;
and George Washington, an American soldier who went on to
lead colonial forces in the American Revolution and serve as
the first president of the United States. Each profile features a
portrait and an individual “For More Information” section.
Informative sidebars can be found throughout the Al-
manac and Biographies sections as well. These sidebars con-
tain brief biographies; excerpts from memoirs, speeches, and
important documents; and interesting facts about the issues
and events discussed in the main body of the text. In addi-
tion, approximately sixty paintings, portraits, drawings, and
maps illustrate the work.
French and Indian War also includes a timeline of im-
portant events, “Words to Know” and “People to Know” sec-
tions that combine those terms from individual chapters, and
a list of “Research and Activity Ideas” with suggestions for
study questions, group projects, and oral and dramatic presen-
tations. French and Indian Warconcludes with a bibliography
of sources for further reading and a comprehensive index.
Acknowledgments
Thanks go to copyeditor Rebecca Valentine, proof-
reader Amy Marcaccio Keyzer, and typesetter Marco Di Vita of
the Graphix Group for their fine work.
Comments and suggestions
We welcome your comments on French and Indian War
and suggestions for other topics in history to consider. Please
write: Editors, French and Indian War, U•X•L, 27500 Drake
Road, Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535; call toll-free 800-347-
4253; fax to 248-699-8097; or send e-mail via www.gale.com.
viii French and Indian War
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Words to Know
A
Acadians:French-speaking Catholic residents of Nova Scotia
who were deported when the British captured the re-
gion in 1755.
Albany Congress: A July 1754 meeting at which American
colonial leaders discussed ways for improving rela-
tions between the colonies and the Iroquois Confed-
eracy, as well as for presenting a unified defense
against the French.
C
Colony: A permanent settlement in a new land formed by
citizens who maintain ties to their mother country;
both Great Britain and France established colonies in
North America.
E
Embargo:A government order that prohibits all commercial
ship traffic from entering or leaving a harbor; John
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Campbell, fourth earl of Loudoun, placed an embargo
on the entire Atlantic coast of America in 1756 in an
attempt to stop illegal trading with the French.
F
Forks of the Ohio: French and British forces competed to
build a fort on this strategic location, where the
Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the
Ohio River (site of modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylva-
nia).
I
Iroquois Confederacy (Six Nations of the Iroquois):A pow-
erful alliance of six Indian nations (the Cayuga, Mo-
hawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora)
from the Iroquois language family.
Irregulars: Soldiers who were not part of the formal British
Army, including troops and militia recruited in the
American colonies; irregulars tended to have less mili-
tary training and poorer equipment than British regu-
lars.
O
Ohio Country:A vast wilderness that stretched from the Great
Lakes in the north to the Ohio River in the South, and
from the Allegheny Mountains in the east to the Mis-
sissippi River in the west; the French and British fought
for control of this region, which lay between the
French and British colonies in North America.
Q
Quakers: Members of the Society of Friends religious group,
which originated in England in the seventeenth cen-
tury and was brought to America by William Penn,
founder of Pennsylvania Colony; among the Quakers’
main principles was pacifism (a strong opposition to
war and violence).
x French and Indian War