FreedomRising HumanEmpowermentandtheQuestforEmancipation Thisbookpresentsacomprehensivetheoryofwhyhumanfreedomgave waytoincreasingoppressionsincetheinventionofstates–andwhythis trendbegantoreverseitselfmorerecently,leadingtoarapidexpansion of universal freedoms and democracy. Drawing on a massive body of evidence,ChristianWelzeltestsvariousexplanationsofrisingfreedoms, providing convincing support for a well-reasoned theory of emancipa- tion.Thestudydemonstratesmultipletrendstowardhumanempower- ment – a process through which people gain control over their lives. Most important among these trends is the spread of “emancipative values,” which emphasize free choice and equal opportunities. The authoridentifiesthedesireforemancipationasthesinglesourceofthe various human empowerment trends and shows when and why this desire grows strong; why it is the source of democracy; and how it vitalizes civil society, feeds humanitarian norms, enhances happiness, andhelpsredirectmoderncivilizationtowardsustainabledevelopment. ChristianWelzelischairofpoliticalcultureresearchattheCenterforthe Study of Democracy, Leuphana University Lüneberg, Germany, and president of the World Values Survey Association. He is also special foreignconsultanttotheLaboratoryofComparativeSocialResearchat the Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg, Russia, and a perma- nentaffiliateoftheCenterfortheStudyofDemocracyattheUniversity ofCalifornia,Irvine.Arepeatedrecipientoflarge-scalegrantsfromthe German Science Foundation, Welzel is the author of more than one hundred scholarly publications in international peer-reviewed journals insociology,politicalscience,andpsychology.Hisrecentbooksinclude Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy (with Ronald Inglehart, Cambridge University Press, 2005); Democratization (with Christian Haerpfer, Patrick Bernhagen, and Ronald Inglehart, 2009); andTheCivicCultureTransformed(withRussellJ.Dalton,Cambridge UniversityPress,forthcoming). WorldValuesSurveysBooksfromCambridgeUniversityPress RussellJ.DaltonandChristianWelzel(eds.),TheCivicCultureTransformed: FromAllegianttoAssertiveCitizenries,forthcoming. DohChullShin,ConfucianismandDemocratizationinEastAsia,2012. PippaNorrisandRonaldInglehart,SacredandSecular:PoliticsandReligion Worldwide,2011. PippaNorrisandRonaldInglehart,CosmopolitanCommunications:Cultural DiversityinaGlobalizedWorld,2009. RonaldInglehartandChristianWelzel,Modernization,CulturalChange,and Democracy:TheHumanDevelopmentSequence,2005. RonaldInglehartandPippaNorris,RisingTide:GenderEqualityandCultural ChangearoundtheWorld,2003. Freedom Rising Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation CHRISTIAN WELZEL LeuphanaUniversity,Lüneberg,Germany 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107664838 ©ChristianWelzel2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Welzel,Christian,1964– Humanempowermentandthecontemporaryquestforemancipation/ChristianWelzel. pages cm ISBN978-1-107-03470-9(hardback) 1. Socialvalues. 2. Liberty. 3. Democracy. I. Title. HM681.W453 2013 303.3072–dc23 2013015876 ISBN978-1-107-03470-9Hardback ISBN978-1-107-66483-8Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. ToAMY, theLove andInspiration ofMyLife