Free time and leisure participation: international perspectives

314 Pages·2008·1.713 MB·English

by  Cushman, Grant;Veal, A. J.;Zuzanek, Jiri

9092 - CABI – FREETIME PRELIMS 2/1/05 10:34 am Page i Gareth GARETH'S G4: GARETH'S JOBS:9092 - CABI
Free Time and Leisure Participation
International Perspectives
9092 - CABI – FREETIME PRELIMS 2/1/05 10:34 am Page ii Gareth GARETH'S G4: GARETH'S JOBS:9092 - CAB
9092 - CABI – FREETIME PRELIMS 2/10/05 10:11 am Page iii Gareth GARETH'S G4: GARETH'S JOBS:9092 - C
Free Time and Leisure Participation
International Perspectives
Edited by
Grant Cushman
Lincoln University
New Zealand
A.J. Veal
University of Technology, Sydney
Australia
and
Jiri Zuzanek
University of Waterloo
Ontario
Canada
CABI Publishing
9092 - CABI – FREETIME PRELIMS 2/1/05 10:34 am Page iv Gareth GARETH'S G4: GARETH'S JOBS:9092 - CAB
CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International
CABI Publishing CABI Publishing
CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue
Wallingford 7th Floor
Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139
UK USA
Tel:[phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax:[phone] Fax:[phone]
E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected]
Website: www.cabi-publishing.org
© CAB International 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically,
mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London,
UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Free time and leisure participation : international perspectives / edited
by Grant Cushman, A.J. Veal and Jiri Zuzanek
p. cm.
Updated and expanded ed. of:World leisure participation. 1966.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN0-85199-620-5 (alk. paper)
1. Leisure--Cross-cultural studies. 2. Recreation--Cross-cultural studies.
3. Recreational surveys. I. Cushman, Grant. II. Veal, Anthony James.
III. Zuzanek, Jiri. IV. World leisure participation. V. Title.
GV181.3.F74 2004
790.1--dc22 2004011056
ISBN 0 85199 620 5
Typeset in Optima by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester.
Printed and bound in the UKby Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn.
9092 - CABI – FREETIME PRELIMS 2/1/05 10:34 am Page v Gareth GARETH'S G4: GARETH'S JOBS:9092 - CABI
Contents
About the Contributors vii
List of Tables and Figures ix
Preface xv
1. Leisure Participation and Time-use Surveys: an Overview 1
Grant Cushman, A.J. Veal and Jiri Zuzanek
2. Australia 17
A.J. Veal
3. Canada 41
Jiri Zuzanek
4. Finland 61
Mirja Liikkanen and Hannu Pääkkönen
5. France 75
Nicole Samuel
6. Germany 101
Walter Tokarski and Harald Michels
7. Great Britain 109
Chris Gratton and A.J. Veal
8. Hong Kong 127
Atara Sivan, Bob Robertson and Sue Walker
9. Israel 141
Hillel Ruskin and Atara Sivan
v
9092 - CABI – FREETIME PRELIMS 2/1/05 10:34 am Page vi Gareth GARETH'S G4: GARETH'S JOBS:9092 - CAB
vi Contents
10. Japan 153
Munehiko Harada
11. The Netherlands 163
Wim Knulst andHugo van der Poel
12. New Zealand 177
Sue Walker, Mary Donn and Allan Laidler
13. Poland 197
Bohdan Jung
14. Russia 221
I.A. Butenko
15. Spain 233
Concepción Maiztegui Oñate
16. United States of America: Outdoor Recreation 245
H.K. Cordell, G.T. Green, V.R. Leeworthy, R. Stephens, M.J. Fly and C.J. Betz
17. United States of America: Time-use and Cultural Activities 265
John P. Robinson and Geoffrey C. Godbey
18. National Leisure Participation and Time-use Surveys: a Future 283
Grant Cushman, A.J. Veal and Jiri Zuzanek
Index 293
9092 - CABI – FREETIME PRELIMS 2/1/05 10:34 am Page vii Gareth GARETH'S G4: GARETH'S JOBS:9092 - CA
About the Contributors
C.J. Betzis Outdoor Recreation Planner, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens,
Georgia, USA.
I.A. Butenko is Head of Research Methods Section, Russian Institute for Cultural Research,
Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.
H. Ken Cordell is Research Scientist and Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research
Station, Athens, Georgia, USA.
Grant Cushman is Professor of Parks, Recreation and Tourism and Director of the Undergraduate
School, Lincoln University, New Zealand.
Mary Donnis a policy adviser for the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, and former
researcher for Creative New Zealand.
Mark J. Flyis Associate Professor in Forestry in the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee,
USA.
Geoffrey C. Godbey is Professor in the Department of Hotel, Restaurant and Recreation
Management, Pennsylvania State University, USA.
Chris Gratton is Professor and Director of the Sports Industries Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam
University, UK.
Gary T. Green is Assistant Research Scientist, Warnell School of Forestry, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia, USA.
Munehiko Harada is Professor of Sport and Recreation Management at the Osaka University of
Health and Sport Sciences in Japan.
Bohdan Jung is Professor, Research Institute for Developing Economics, Warsaw School of
Economics, Warsaw, Poland.
Wim Knulstis Professor in the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tilburg University, The
Netherlands.
Allan Laidlerrecently retired from the Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand.
V.R. Leeworthyis Chief Economist, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National
Ocean Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, USA.
Mirja Liikkanenis Project Manager, Leisure Survey, Statistics Finland, Finland.
Concepción Maiztegui Oñateis in the Faculty of Philosophy and Educational Sciences, University
of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
Harald Michels is a Sport Scientist and Lecturer in the Department of Leisure Science of the
German Sport University in Cologne, Germany.
vii
9092 - CABI – FREETIME PRELIMS 2/1/05 10:34 am Page viii Gareth GARETH'S G4: GARETH'S JOBS:9092 - C
viii Contributors
Hannu Pääkkönenis Project Manager, Time Use Survey, Statistics Finland, Finland.
Bob Robertsonis Emeritus Professor in the School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism at the University
of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
John P. Robinsonis Professor of Sociology and past Director of the Americans’ Use of Time Project
at the University of Maryland, USA.
Hillel Ruskinwas Professor of Physical Education and Chairman of the Cossel Center of Physical
Education, Leisure and Health Promotion and Director of the Graduate Program of Physical
Education in Public Health of the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. He
died in 2003 while the book was in production.
Nicole Samuel recently retired from the position of Head of the CNRS research team: Temps
Sociaux, Ages et Modeles Culturels, Paris, France.
Atara Sivan is Associate Professor in the Department of Education Studies at Hong Kong Baptist
University.
R. Stephens is Senior Research Associate in Forestry in the University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee, USA.
Walter Tokarski is University Professor and President of the German Sport University, Cologne,
Germany.
Hugo van der Poelis Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tilburg
University, The Netherlands.
A.J. (Tony) Veal is Adjunct Professor in the School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of
Technology, Sydney, Australia.
Sue Walkeris Research Manager for the New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs; she was the
Research and Information Manager for the Hillary Commission for Sport, Fitness and Leisure at
the time of writing this contribution.
Jiri Zuzanekis Distinguished Emeritus Professor in the Department of Leisure Studies, University
of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
9092 - CABI – FREETIME PRELIMS 2/1/05 10:34 am Page ix Gareth GARETH'S G4: GARETH'S JOBS:9092 - CAB
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
1.1. Countries involved in cross-national leisure projects, 1967–2004 7
2.1. National and regional leisure participation and time-budget surveys, Australia,
1975–2002 18
2.2. Leisure participation: Australia, summer 1991 24
2.3. Leisure participation by gender: Australia, summer 1991 26
2.4. Leisure participation by age: Australia, summer 1991 27
2.5. Leisure participation by occupation: Australia, summer 1991 29
2.6. Average daily time spent on main activities, Australia, 1997 31
2.7. Daily leisure time by age and gender, Australia, 1997 31
2.8. Leisure time by domestic situation and gender, Australia, 1997 31
2.9. Average daily time spent on leisure activities by gender, Australia, 1997 32
2.10. Changing time-use, Australia, 1992–1997 32
2.11. Participation in any sport and physical activity by age and sex, Australia,
2000–2001 34
2.12. Participation in selected sports and physical activities, by sex, Australia,
2000–2001 35
2.13. Attendance at selected cultural venues and events, Australia, 1991–2002 35
2.14. Arts and entertainment participation in Australia, 1999 36
2.15. Internet access, Australia, 1998–2002 37
2.16. Internet use by age and gender, Australia, 2001 37
3.1. Canadian leisure participation and time-use surveys: 1967–2000 42
3.2. Time-use trends (based on time diaries) 1981–1998 employed population,
Canada 46
3.3. Trends in time-use by different population and life-cycle groups: 1986–1998,
Canada 47
3.4. Changing levels of perceived time pressure and life satisfaction: Canada
1986–1998 48
3.5. Changing patterns of cultural and recreational participation: Canada
1981–1998 49
3.6. Participation in outdoor and sporting activities: Canada 1988–2000 50
ix
9092 - CABI – FREETIME PRELIMS 2/1/05 10:34 am Page x Gareth GARETH'S G4: GARETH'S JOBS:9092 - CABI
x Tables and figures
3.7. Gender differences in time-use on workdays and weekends: employed
population,Canada, 1998 51
3.8. Feelings of time pressure, perceived stress and life satisfaction by gender:
employedpopulation, Canada, 1998 52
3.9. Time-use and feeling of time pressure by gender and life-cycle group, Canada,
1998 53
3.10. Cultural and recreational participation by gender, age, education, Canada,
1998 54
3.11. Participation in sporting and outdoor activities by gender, age and education,
2000, Canada 55
3.12. Time-use and feeling of time pressure by education, employed population aged
20–64, Canada, 1998 55
4.1. National leisure participation and time-use surveys conducted by Statistics
Finland 62
4.2. Use of time by gender, Finland, 1979 and 1987 64
4.3. Leisure participation, Finland, 1981 and 1991 66
4.4. Leisure participation by age, Finland, 1991 67
4.5. Attitudes towards domestic work by gender, Finland, 1991 71
5.1. Time-budget studies and leisure participation surveys in France 76
5.2. Evening leisure activities, France, January, 1948 80
5.3. Daily free time, France, 1966–1999 81
5.4. Changes in time-use by adults, France, 1985/86, 1998/99 82
5.5. Participation in leisure activities involving the media, France, 1973–1997 83
5.6. Participation in artistic leisure activities, France, 1973–1997 84
5.7. Participation in social leisure activities, France, 1973–1997 84
5.8. Participation in sports, France, 1967–1997 85
5.9. Participation in informal sport, France, 1994 86
5.10. Participation in ‘practical’ leisure activities, France, 1967–1997 86
5.11. Holiday-taking, France, 1951–1999 87
5.12. Leisure participation by gender, France, 1997 89
5.13. Daily free time by age, gender and employment status, France, 1985/86 89
5.14. Leisure participation by age, France, 1997 90
5.15. Leisure participation, young people, France, 1996/97 91
5.16. Leisure participation by occupation, France, 1997 93
5.17. Leisure participation by size of community, France, 1997 95
5.18. Leisure participation by level of education, France, 1997 96
5.19. Holiday-taking, France, 1997 97
6.1. The household leisure budget in Germany (West), 1994–1998 104
6.2. The German leisure industry, sales, 1997 105
6.3. The German leisure industry as employer, 1993 107
6.4. Trends in leisure and sport, Germany 107
7.1. Surveys of time-use and leisure participation, Britain, 1961–2000 110
7.2. Trends in leisure time, UK, 1961–1995 110
7.3. Time-use by gender, UK, 2000/01 111
7.4. Time-use by age/life-cycle stage, UK, 2000 111
7.5. Trends in participation in selected home-based leisure activities, Great Britain,
1977–1996 112
7.6. Trends in participation in selected arts/entertainment/cultural visits, Great
Britain, 1977–1987 113
7.7. Trends in participation in sports and physical activities, Great Britain,
1987–1996 114
7.8. Attendance at arts events, England, 2001 115