franchise and electoral participation of third country citizens residing in

149 Pages·2013·2.25 MB·French

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This Study analyses some key trans-border situations in which citizens may find
difficulties in exercising their electoral rights – both to vote in elections, and to
stand as candidates. It focuses on the electoral rights of EU citizens when
resident outside the state where they are citizens, and on the electoral rights of
third country citizens resident in the EU Member States. It also covers several
complementary issues by examining the consular representation of EU citizens
outside the territory of the Union, and also the restrictions placed by the
Member States on the access of non-citizens to high public office.
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This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Constitutional
Affairs.
AUTHOR(S)
Jean-Thomas Arrighi
Rainer Bauböck
Michael Collyer
Derek Hutcheson
Madalina Moraru
Lamin Khadar
Jo Shaw
RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR
Mr Petr Novak
Policy Department C - Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs
European Parliament
B-1047 Brussels
E-mail: [email protected]
Editorial assistance : Sandrina MARCUZZO
LINGUISTIC VERSIONS
Original: EN
Executive summary: FR
ABOUT THE EDITOR
To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: poldep-
[email protected]
Manuscript completed in April 2013
European Parliament © European Union, 2013
This document is available on the Internet at:
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies
DISCLAIMER
The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do
not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament.
Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the
source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy.
Franchise and electoral participation of third country citizens residing inEUand of EU citizens residingin third countries
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CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 6
LIST OF TABLES 9
Executive SUMMARY 10
1 Introduction 16
2 The external voting rights of non-resident first country citizens 21
2.1 Electoral Rights: Voting and Candidacy Rights for EU Citizens residing in another
Member State or in Third States 22
2.1.1 Active Voting Rights 22
2.1.2 Candidacy Rights 26
2.1.3 Temporary Absence 29
2.2.4. Compulsory Voting 30
2.2 Accessing Electoral Rights 30
2.2.1. Registration Requirements 30
2.2.2. Casting a Ballot 32
2.2.3. Other Requirements 34
2.3. Representation and Participation 34
2.3.1. General and Special Representation 34
2.3.2. Registration and Participation Rates Among Non-Resident FCCs 35
2.4. External Citizenship and the Franchise 38
3 practical and legal consequences of the absence of diplomatic and EU
representation for Eu citizens residing in a country where their Member State is
not represented 41
3.1 The pre-Lisbon Treaty Forms of Securing Protection of EU Citizens in third
countries 44
3.2 The Added Value of the Treaty of Lisbon: Increased Powers for the EU to Secure
Protection of EU Citizens Abroad 47
4 Franchise and electoral participation of third country citizens residing
in the EU 51
4.1 Mapping Electoral Rights across Member States, Categories of Third Country
Citizens and Types of Elections 53
4.1.1 Voting Rights 53
4.1.2 Candidacy Rights 56
4.2 Additional Restrictions on Enfranchisement 57
4.2.1 Durational Residency Requirements 58
4.2.2 Legal Status of Residence 58
4.2.3 Registration Procedure 59
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Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs
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4.2.4 Membership of an International Association of States other than the EU 60
4.2.5 Bilateral Agreements 61
4.2.6 Special Ties Based upon Cultural and Linguistic Affinity 61
4.3 Electoral Participation 62
4.4 Obstacles to the Enfranchisement of Third Country Citizens 63
4.4.1 Voting – A Citizen’s Privilege? Legal and Political Obstacles to the
Enfranchisement of Third Country Citizens 63
4.4.2 Territorial Access to Citizenship and the Franchise 65
5 Eligibility of non-nationals for high public office in the EU 70
5.1 Existing EU Law Legal Framework 71
5.2 Head of State 73
5.3 Head of Government 74
5.4 Minister in the Executive Branch of Government 75
5.5 Civil Servant in the Executive Branch of Government 76
5.6 Judiciary 77
5.7 High Ranking Officer in the National Army 78
6 EU citizens residing in third countries and third country citizens residing in the EU:
AN OVERVIEW OF electoral rights in ten third countries 80
6.1 Brazil 82
6.2 Canada 83
6.3 India 84
6.4 Morocco 85
6.5 New Zealand 86
6.6 Serbia 86
6.7 Switzerland 87
6.8 Turkey 88
6.9 Ukraine 89
6.10 USA 89
7 Policy recommendations 91
7.1 The External Franchise of EU Citizens in EP Elections 91
7.2 The External Franchise of EU Citizens in National and Sub-national Elections 92
7.3 Diplomatic and EU Representation in Third Countries 93
7.4 Electoral Rights of Third Country Citizens in EU Member States 94
7.5 Access to High Public Office 95
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ANNEX I 97
ANNEX II 106
ANNEX III 132
ANNEX IV 135
ANNEX V 141
ANNEX VI 142
REFERENCES 143
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Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AIRE L’Anagrafe degli Italiani Residenti all’Estero
AT Austria
BE Belgium
BG Bulgaria
CCME Conseil de la Communauté Marocaine a l’Etranger
CFR Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
CH Switzerland
CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union
CPLC Community of Portuguese-language countries
CY Cyprus
CZ Czech Republic
DE Germany
DK Denmark
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights (Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms)
ECtHR European Court of Human Rights
EE Estonia
EEA Members of the European Economic Area comprising the
countries of the European Union, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein
and Norway
EEA/CH Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland
EEAS European External Action Service
EL Greece
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Franchise and electoral participation of third country citizens residing inEUand of EU citizens residing in third countries
____________________________________________________________________________________________
EP European Parliament
ES Spain
EU European Union
EU 27 All 27 current member states of the European Union
EU/EEA All 27 current member states of the European Union plus
Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway
EU/EEA/CH All 27 member states of the European Union plus Iceland,
Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland
EUDO European Union Democracy Observatory
FCC First Country Citizen
FI Finland
FPTP First past the post (election system)
FR France
FRA European Agency for Fundamental Rights
HR Croatia
HU Hungary
IDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
IE Ireland
IJC International Court of Justice
IS Iceland
IT Italy
LI Liechtenstein
LT Lithuania
LU Luxembourg
LV Latvia
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Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs
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MEP Member of European Parliament
MOVE Military Overseas Voters Empowerment Act (USA)
MT Malta
NL Netherlands
NO Norway
PL Poland
PR Proportional representation (election system)
PT Portugal
RO Romania
SCC Second Country Citizen
SE Sweden
SI Slovenia
SK Slovakia
TC Third country
TCC Third Country Citizen
TEU Treaty on the European Union
TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
UK United Kingdom
UNPD United Nations Population Division
USA United States of America
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
VCCR Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
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