Table Of Content

3 & å ■ a ' C r i a i A - FRAN GOTL TILL ESTLAND k' - Omslagsbilden: Kyrkan i Karris på Ösel. Foto Peeter Säre. Från Gotland till Estland Kyrkokonst och politik under 1200-talet Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen vid Stockholms universitet, offentligen försvaras i sal G, Arrheniuslaboratorierna, Frescati lördagen den 22 januari 2000 kl. 10.00 av Kersti Markus Fil.mag. Konstvetenskapliga institutionen 106 91 Stockholm ISBN 9985-60-761-9 Abstract Churches in two Estonian counties — Ösel-Wiek and Jerwen — have very many similar features with churches in Gotland. In earlier scientific researches these similarities in styles were explained by the artistic ambitions of single travelling masons, the present research emphasizes the political and artistic preferences of those who ordered the buildings to be built and who financed them. The Danish and German crusades in Livonia had strong influence on the society in Gotland during the first half of the 13th century, which in its turn influenced profoundly the ecclesiastical art on the island. Cistercian and Dominican Orders played the leading role in carrying out the mission and the architectural styles of both orders have had its strong influence on architecture in Gotland as well as in Estonia. The fact that both orders founded their permanent settlements in Gotland very soon is closely connected with the Danish missionary policy. Previous researches of art history have emphasized the domineering role of the Germans in formation of the architectural style in Gotland, but the present research demonstrates that during the first half of the 13th century the influence coming from Lund and Linköping diocese played far more important role. The society in Gotland was not so homogeneous as described in previous historical researches and it is also clearly reflected in the church architecture. The research into the churches at Ösel revealed clear connections between the time the bishops reigned and the changes in the architectural styles in the churches. In mid-13th century Dominican bishops reigned over Reval and Ösel-Wiek and the architectural features of the Scandinavian Dominicans reached Ösel and Jerwen via Dominicans. The Cistercian Convent in Reval and the centre of Roma Monastery in Kolk both founded by the Danish also encouraged the increase of the Scandinavian Cistercian architecture in Estonia. The liturgical tradition of Cistercians and the Dominican preaching also had their influence on the architectural forms of some churches in Estonia and in Gotland. The present research comes to the conclusion that the similar features in the church architecture in Gotland and Estonia are closely connected with the 13th century political history in the Baltic Sea region. Key words: Gotland, Estonia, Scandinavia, Middle Ages, 13th century, Cistercian Order, Dominican Order, Mediaeval Church Architecture, The Masons’ Lodge, Liturgy, Crusade, Livonia, Denmark, Sweden. FRÅN GOTLAND TILL ESTLAND Boken är tryckt med bidrag från: Berit Wallenbergs Stiftelse Gunvor och Josef Anérs Stiftelse Konung Gustaf VI Adolfs Fond för svensk kultur Kungliga Patriotiska Sällskapet Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne Sällskapet DBW:s Stiftelse Wilhelmina von Hallwylls Gotlandsfond Ake Wibergs Stiftelse © Kersti Markus Grafisk form: Margus Kalmaru Förlag: Mercur Consulting OY Tryck: Kristianstads Boktryckeri AB, Kristianstad 1999 ISBN 9985-60-761-9 FRÅN GOTLAND TILL ESTLAND Kyrkokonst och politik under 1200-talet av Kersti Markus Akademisk avhandling för filosofie doktorsexamen vid Stockholms universitet 2000 Konstvetenskapliga institutionen 106 91 Stockholm Abstract Markus, K. From Gotland to Estonia. Ecclesiastical art and politics in the 13th century. 256 pp., illustrated. Written in Swedish with a German summary. Churches in two Estonian counties - Ösel-Wiek and motifs of Linköping Cathedral reached those churches in Jerwen - have very many similar features with churches the country regions of Gotland, the patrons of which had in Gotland. In earlier scientific researches these similarities closer connections with the centre of the diocese. The in styles were explained by the artistic ambitions of single team of masons working for the Cathedral was obviously travelling masons, the present research emphasizes the the biggest and the best financed one in mid-13th century political and artistic preferences of those who ordered the Sweden, because the Birger Jarl dynasty (Folkungaätten) buildings to be built and who financed them. The Danish supported it. As the increased influence of Linköping and German crusades in Livonia had strong influence on Cathedral on architecture in Gotland is closely connected the society in Gotland during the first half of the 13th with the increasing ambitions of the Swedish kingship in century, which in its turn influenced profoundly the Gotland, the growth of the influence of German architec ecclesiastical art on the island. Cistercian and Dominican ture in Gotland is inversely proportional with the decline Orders played the leading role in carrying out the mission of the Danish power in the Baltic Sea region. The masons and the architectural styles of both orders have had its of German origin were mostly connected to the construc strong influence on architecture in Gotland as well as in tion of Maria Church in Visby. At the end of the 12th Estonia. The fact that both orders founded their perma and during the first half of the 13th centuries there was nent settlements in Gotland very soon is closely connected an influential masons’ lodge at Cistercian Roma mona with the Danish missionary policy. Previous researches of stery. art history have emphasized the domineering role of the The research into the churches at Osel revealed clear Germans in formation of the architectural style in Got connections between the time the bishops reigned and land, but the present research demonstrates that during the changes in the architectural styles in the churches. the first half of the 13th century the influence coming In mid-13th century Dominican bishops reigned over from Lund and Linköping diocese played far more Reval and Osel-Wiek and the architectural features of the important role. The society in Gotland was not so homo Scandinavian Dominicans reached Osel and Jerwen via geneous as described in previous historical researches Dominicans. The Cistercian Convent in Reval and the and it is also clearly reflected in the church architecture. centre of Roma Monastery in Kolk both founded by the The evidence in Gotland has proved the thesis that the Danish also encouraged the increase of the Scandinavian masons’ lodges in the early Middle Ages acted according Cistercian architecture in Estonia. The liturgical tradition to the directions of either a monastery, a bishop, or a king. of Cistercians and the Dominican preaching also had their It can be assumed that masons from Denmark participa influence on the architectural forms of some churches in ted in repeated reconstruction of the church of St Cle Estonia and in Gotland. mens in Visby which evidently belonged to the Danish The present research comes to the conclusion that the king. And when their work was completed in Visby, the similar features in the church architecture in Gotland masons were invited to build those country churches in and Estonia are closely connected with the 13th century Gotland whose patrons had close connections with the political history in the Baltic Sea region. Danish. Drotten was evidently the church of the bishop Key words: Gotland, Estonia, Scandinavia, Middle of Linköping in Visby and the masons who worked at the Ages, 13th century, Cistercian Order, Dominican Order, Cathedral are likely to have participated in the construc Mediaeval Church Architecture, The Masons’ Lodge, tion process of Drotten. Via Drotten the architectural Liturgy, Crusade, Livonia, Denmark, Sweden.