Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800 PDF
Preview Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800
Framing the Early Middle Ages This page intentionally left blank Framing the Early Middle Ages Europe and the Mediterranean 400 800 – CHRIS WICKHAM 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein OxfordNewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork (cid:1)ChristopherWickham2005 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2005 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn,Norfolk ISBN0–19–926449–x 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 For Leslie This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements Ihavebeenworkingonthisbookfornearlysevenyears,andhavediscussedissues relatingtoitwithnearlyeverylateRomanistandearlymedievalistIhavemetduring thattime;Ihavegainedinsightsfromtoomanypeopletolist.Firstofall,Ishouldlike tothankthosewhocommentedonsectionsofthebook:LeslieBrubaker,whoread almost the whole text; Paul Fouracre, John Haldon, Hugh Kennedy, and Eduardo Manzano, who read sections of Chapter 3; Mayke de Jong, Paul Fouracre, John Haldon,GuyHalsall,PeterHeather,EduardoManzano,andPeterSarris,whoread sectionsofChapter4;Jean-PierreDevroeyandDomenicoVera,whoreadsectionsof Chapter5;StevenBassett,NicholasBrooks,WendyDavies,SimonEsmonde-Cleary, and Patrick Wormald, who read Chapter 6; Steven Bassett, Matt Innes, and Peter Sarris, who read sections of Chapter 7; Sonia Gutie´rrez, Helena Hamerow, Simon Loseby, and Mark Whittow, who read sections of Chapter 8; Domenico Vera and ChrisDyer,whoreadChapter9;SimonLoseby,whoreadallof,andLisaFentress andJohnHaldon,whoreadsectionsof,Chapter10;PaulArthur,LisaFentress,Jodi Magness, Olga Magoula, Eduardo Manzano, Paul Van Ossel, and Bryan Ward- Perkins, who read some or all of Chapter 11. They were often sharp critics, and Igainedimmenselyfromtheirinsights,suggestions,andbibliographicalreferences;I knowtheydonotallagreewithmyconclusions. Another group of people, partially overlapping, consists of friends with whom I startedwhenIneededtogetasenseofthebibliographyofagivenregion:peopleI couldnotdowithoutasguidestooneareaoranother.TheseincludeStevenBassett, Julio Escalona, Simon Esmonde-Cleary, Lisa Fentress, Riccardo Francovich, Hugh Kennedy,EduardoManzano,UlfNa¨sman,PierreOuzoulias,ClaudeRaynaud,Peter Sarris, and Paul Van Ossel. I must also here express my great debt to Rosamond McKitterick, Ghislaine Noye´, and Pierre Toubert, who invited me to teach in, respectively,theUniversityofCambridge(togivethe2003TrevelyanLectures),the E´coledesChartes,andtheColle`gedeFrance;thelecturesIgavethereareall,inmore orlessrevisedform,inthisbookandIgainedenormouslyfromtheconversationsand library access—and the time to research and write—that I had both in Cambridge andinParis. I benefited from ideas and bibliographical or other help from, apart from those mentioned above, Stuart Airlie, Donald Bailey, Franc¸ois Baratte, Bernard Bavant, AndreaBerlin,Franc¸oisBougard,MoniqueBourin,AlanBowman,LuisCaballero, FedericoCantini,GillClark,SimonCorcoran,BillDay,PaoloDelogu,ArchieDunn, SantiagoFeijoo,LaurentFeller,RebeccaFoote,SauroGelichi,SharonGerstel,Mary Harlow, Jill Harries, Catherine Hills, Richard Hodges, Sonja Jilek, Jeremy Johns, Olga Karagiorgiou, Sean Kingsley, Luke Lavan, Ste´phane Lebecq, Re´gine Le Jan, WolfLiebeschuetz,AntonioMalpica,CyrilMango,AlessandraMolinari,JintyNel- son,MargaretO’Hea,LauroOlmo,HelenPatterson,WalterPohl,AndrewPoulter, Dominic Rathbone, Mark Redknap, Paul Reynolds, Charlotte Roueche´, Riccardo Santangeli, Sven Schu¨tte, Chris Scull, Trish Skinner, Jean-Pierre Sodini, Fre´de´ric viii Acknowledgements Trement, Marco Valenti, Alan Walmsley, Mark Whyman, Ian Wood, and Enrico Zanini.AparticularthanksisowedtoSueBowen,whohasspentwhatamountsto years typing this book, and to Harry Buglass, who drew the maps. The index was compiledbyAliciaCorreˆa.Herethelistiscertainlyincomplete,butcanbeaddedto with some of the more specific acknowledgements in footnotes; I am also very grateful to the wide range of people who sent me their books and articles, many unpublished,includingdoctoraltheses;Icouldnothavewrittenthisbookwithout you.Ihavetriedtorestrictthislisttothosewho,knowinglyorunknowingly,hada directeffectonthebook;ifIwastoincludetherestofthepeoplewithwhomIhave dealtfruitfullyandintellectuallysince1997,thelistwouldbeatleasttwiceaslong. Imustfinallythankthreeinstitutions:theUniversityofBirminghamMainLibrary, and the Ashmolean (now Sackler) Library in Oxford, where I did most of my research—I could not have written without the latter in particular; and the British Academy,whosegrantingofaResearchReadershipin1997–9enabledmetostart thisprojectinthefirstplace.Thisbookisthe(delayed)resultofthatReadership. Birmingham C.J.W. April2004 Contents Listofmaps x Abbreviations xi Notesonterminology xiv 1. Introduction 1 Part I. States 2. Geographyandpolitics 17 3. Theformofthestate 56 Part II. Aristocratic power-structures 4. Aristocracies 153 5. Managingtheland 259 6. Politicalbreakdownandstate-buildingintheNorth 303 Part III. Peasantries 7. Peasantsandlocalsocieties:casestudies 383 8. Ruralsettlementandvillagesocieties 442 9. Peasantsocietyanditsproblems 519 Part IV. Networks 10. Cities 591 11. Systemsofexchange 693 12. Generalconclusions 825 Bibliography 832 1. Primarysources 832 2. Secondarysources 845 Index 944
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