FRACTURE, PLASTIC FLOW AND STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY The Proceedings of the 7th Symposium organised by the Technical Advisory Group on Structural Integrity in Nuclear Plant (TAGSI) held at TWI, Abington, UK 29 April 1999 Edited by PETER HIRSCH and DAVID LIDBURY This page intentionally left blank. Book 772 First published in 2000 by 10M Communications Ltd 1Carlton House Terrace London SWI Y 5DB © 10M Communications Ltd 2000 All rights reserved 10M Communications Ltd is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Institute of Materials ISBN 1-86125-095-9 Typeset in the UK by Fakenham Photosetting, Norfolk Printed and bound in the UK at The University Press, Cambridge Contents Foreword vii 25 Years of TAGSI and LWRSG x Materials Factors and Structural Integrity of Reactor Components 1 B. L. Eyre . The Micro-Mechanisms of Fracture in Steels Usedfor High Integrity Structural Components 21 John Knott Welds, Their Quality and Inspection Ability for High Integrity Structures and Components 45 R. E. Dolby, I. J. Munns, C. R. A. Schneider and R. H. Leggatt Material Conditions that Lead to Crack Arrest 65 F. M. Burdekin Fracture Toughness - a Measurable Materials Parameter 85 J. D. G. Sumpter Microstructural Development in RPV Steels 103 Colin English, Jon Hyde and Sue Ortner Local Approach Modelling of Constraint Contributions to The Ductile to Brittle Transition 129 A. R. Dowling and D. P. G. Lidbury Loading Rate Effects on Tensile Properties and Fracture Toughness of Steel 149 C. S.Wiesner and H. MacGillivray Material Factors which Influence Remaining Life of Components Subject to Reheat Cracking 175 P. Neumann, D. A. Miller and R. A. Ainsworth A Historical Perspective of Materials Related Structural Integrity Issues in the Nuclear Industry 185 Brian Tomkins v This page intentionally left blank. Foreword This volume brings together the papers presented at the 7th Symposium organised by the Technical Advisory Group on Structural Integrity of Nuclear Plant (TAGSI), held on 29 April 1999 atthe TWI Conference Centre at Great Abington near Cambridge, UK. This one day Symposium entitled 'Fracture, Plastic Flow and Structural Integrity' was attended by over eighty delegates. The Symposium, which marked 25 years of TAGSI and its pred- ecessor theLight Water Reactor Study Group (LWRSG), was dedicated toSirAlan Cottrell, FREng, FRS, whose eightieth birthday was on 17July 1999. Materials properties are con- trolling factors inany assessment ofthe integrity, reliability and safety ofengineering struc- tures and components, and Sir Alan's impact in this field has been second to none. His influence has been felt not only through the pioneering advances he made in the science of plastic flow and fracture, and in his studies of nuclear materials dating back to the 1950s, but alsothrough the leading role heplayed inthe application ofthisknowledge to structural integrity assessments generally, and to nuclear reactor components, including pressure vessels, in particular. The objectives of this TAGSI Symposium were to provide an overview of progress in understanding of materials behaviour relevant to structural integrity assessments, covering mechanisms of flow and fracture, effects ofneutron irradiation, reheat cracking, weld qual- ity and inspection issues, fracture toughness characterisation, crack arrest, materials behav- iour under dynamic loading and local approach modelling of the ductile-brittle transition. These topics were addressed by distinguished authorities in the structural integrity field. Key themes emerging from these contributions are that for structural integrity assessments, a thorough understanding of the basic mechanisms controlling the failure modes and plant life-limiting properties, good measurements, and the ability to develop predictive models, are all vitally important. Plant life predictions usually involve extrapolation of experimen- tal data to service conditions falling outside the range of conditions attainable in laboratory tests. It is only through understanding of mechanisms and modelling that such measure- ments can be extrapolated with confidence, and limiting margins defined. The better the understanding, themeasurements andthemodelling, the greater isthe potential reduction in the degree of conservatism which has to be used in the relevant failure avoidance/assess- ment procedures such asR6. This applies equally to materials properties, applied andresid- ual stresses, and inspection capability. This approach to structural integrity assessments andplant lifepredictions through under- standing and modelling isprecisely the strategy promoted and applied by SirAlan Cottrell, and this record of the Symposium is a fitting tribute to his outstanding work in this field. P. B. Hirsch D. P. G. Lidbury vii Sir Alan Cottrell FRS Photograph © Dona Haycraft Photography Reproduced by kind permission of Dona Haycraft Thanks also to Dr Stephen Heath, Jesus College, Cambridge COTTRELL, Sir Alan (Howard), Kt 1971; FRS 1955; FEng: Master of Jesus College, Cambridge, 1974-86 (Hon. Fellow 1986); Vice-Chancellor, University of Cambridge, 1977-79; b 17July 1919; s of Albert and Elizabeth Cottrell; m 1944, Jean Elizabeth Harber; one s. Educ: Moseley Grammar Sch.; University of Birmingham. BSc 1939; PhD 1942; ScD(Cantab) 1976. Lectr in Metallurgy, University of Birmingham, 1943-49; Prof. of Physical Metallurgy, University of Birmingham, 1949-55; Deputy Head of Metallurgy Division, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Berks. 1955-58; Goldsmiths' Prof. of Metallurgy, Cambridge Univ., 1958-65; Fellow of Christ's CoIL, Cambridge, 1958-70. Hon. Fellow, 1970; Dep. Chief Scientific Adviser (Studies), Min. of Defence, 1965-67. Chief Adviser, 1967; Dep. Chief Scientific Advr to HM Govt. 1968-71, Chief Scientific Advr, 1971-74. Part-time Mem., UKAEA, 1962-65, 1983-87; Member: Adv. Council on Scientific Policy, 1963-64; Central Adv. Council for Science and Technology, 1967-; Exec. Cttee, British Council, 1974-87; Adv. Council, Science Policy Foundn, 1976-; Security Commn. 1981-92. Dir. Fisons plc, 1979-90. A Vice-Pres., Royal Society, 1964, 1976, 1977. Foreign Hon. Mem., American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1960; Foreign Associate: Nat. Acad. of Sciences, USA. 1972; Nat. Acad. of Engrg, USA, 1976; Mem., Academia Europaea, 1991-; Hon. Member: Amer. Soc. for Metals, 1972 (Fellow, 1974); Metals Soc., 1977 (Hon. FIM, 1989); Japan Inst. of Metals, 1981. FIC 1991; FEng 1979; Fellow, Royal Swedish Acad. of Scis; Hon. Fellow, Internat. Congress on Fracture, 1985-. Hon. DSc: Columbia Univ., 1965; Newcastle Univ., 1967; Liverpool Univ., 1969; Manchester, 1970; Warwick, 1971; Sussex. 1972; Bath, 1973; Strathclyde, 1975; Cranfield, 1975; Aston, 1975; Oxford, 1979; Birmingham, 1983; DUniv Essex, 1982; Hon. DEng Tech. Univ. of Nova Scotia, 1984; Hon. LLD Cantab, 1996. Rosenhain Medallist of the Inst. of Metals: Hughes Medal, 1961, Rumford Medal, 1974, Copley Medal, 1996, Royal Society; Inst. of Metals (Platinum) Medal, 1965; Reaumur Medal, Societe Francaise de Metallurgic, 1964; James Alfred Ewing Medal, 1965; ICE, 1967; Holweck Medal, Societe Francaise de Physique, 1969; Albert Sauveur Achievement Award, Amer. Soc. for Metals, 1969; James Douglas Gold Medal, Amer. Inst. of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Engrs. 1974; Harvey Science Prize, Technion Israel Inst., 1974; Acta Metallurgica Gold Medal, 1976; Guthrie Medal and Prize, Inst. of Physics, 1977; Gold Medal, Amer. Soc. for Metals, 1980; Brinell Medal, Royal Swedish Acad. of Engrg Sciences, 1980; Kelvin Medal, ICE, 1986; Hollomon Award, Acta Metallurgica, 1991; Von Hippel Award, Materials Res. Soc., 1966. Publications: Theoretical Structural Metallurgy, 1948, 2nd edn 1955; Dislocations and Plastic Flow in Crystals, 1953; The Mechanical Properties of Matter, 1964; Theory of Crystal Dislocations, 1964; An Introduction of Metallurgy, 1967; Portrait of Nature, 1975; Environmental.Economics, 1978: How Safe is Nuclear Energy?, 1981; Introduction to the Modem Theory of Metals, 1988: Chemical Bonding in Transition Metal Carbides, 1995; scientific papers to various learned journals. Recreation: music. Address: 40 Maids Causeway, Cambridge CB5 8DD. T: (01223) 363806. ix
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