Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Fracture Fundamentals, High-Temperature Deformation, Damage, and Design PDF
Preview Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Fracture Fundamentals, High-Temperature Deformation, Damage, and Design
Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics Volume 10 Fracture Fundamentals, High-Temperature Deformation, Damage, and Design Volume 1 Concepts, Flaws, and Fractography Volume 2 Microstructure, Materials, and Applications Volume 3 Flaws and Testing Volume 4 Crack Growth and Microstructure Volume 5 Surface Flaws, Statistics, and Microcracking Volume 6 Measurements, Transformations, and High-Temperature Fracture Volume 7 Composites, Impact, Statistics, and High-Temperature Phenomena Volume 8 Microstructure, Methods, Design, and Fatigue Volume 9 Composites, R-Curve Behavior, and Fatigue Volume 10 Fracture Fundamentals, High-Temperature Deformation, Damage, and Design Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics Volume 10 Fracture Fundamentals, High -Temperature Deformation, Damage, and Design Edited by R. C. Bradt University of Nevada-Reno Reno, Nevada D. P. H. Hasselman Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia D. Munz University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe, Germany M. Sakai Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi, Japan and V. Ya. Shevchenko High Tech Ceramics Scientific Research Centre Moscow, Russia, CIS SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC ISBN 978-1-4613-6476-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-3348-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3348-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-641076 Second part of the proceedings of the Fifth International Syrnposium on the Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics, held July 15-17, 1991, in Nagoya, Japan © 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1992 Ali rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without WrÎtten permission from the Publisher DEDICATION JUNN NAKAYAMA 1930-1991 Junn Nakayama was a pioneer ofthe quantitativestudy ofthe fracture ofceramics. A physics graduate of Gakushuin University, he joined the research laboratory of the Asahi GlassCo., Ltd. in 1953. Within a decade he had developed the now-famous work-of-fracture test (Japan Journal of Applied Physics, 3[7]442(1964)). He had already applied it to the quantitative analysis of the thermal shock damage of fireclay refractories (Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society, 45[7]666(1966)) when others were just becoming cognizant of this simple, yet elegant technique. Those two studies were landmark efforts in establishing the framework for the microstructural design of improved thermal shock damage resistant refractories. The principles were subsequently extended to structural ceramics, as well as to the confirmation of the energy balance theories for thermal shock damage advanced by Hasselman. Junn Nakayama spent hisentire career with the Asahi Glass Co., becoming Director of the Research Center in Yokohama and subsequently Managing Director of the Asahi Glass Foundation in Tokyo. At this Fifth Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics Symposium in July of 1991, Junn Nakayama attended the opening ceremonies at the Japan Fine Ceramics Center in Nagoya, but was notableto participatein themeeting. Whenintroducedtotheattendees, he received a standing ovation. It is with deep regret to report to you that Junn Nakayama passed away on December 14, 1991. He will always bemissed, but will never be forgotten. v PREFACE These volumes, 9 and 10,ofFracture Mechanics ofCeramics constitute the proceedings of an international symposium on the fracture mechanics of ceramic materials held at the Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, Japan on July 15, 16, 17, 1991. These proceedings constitute the fifth pair of volumes of a continuing series of conferences. Volumes 1 and 2 were from the 1973 symposium, volumes 3 and 4 from a 1977 symposium, and volumes 5 and 6 from a 1981 symposium all of which were held at The Pennsylvania State University. Volumes 7 and 8 are from the 1985 symposium which was held at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Thethemeofthisconference,asforthepreviousfour,focused on themechanicalbehavior ofceramicmaterialsin termsofthecharacteristicsofcracks, particularly the roles which they assume in the fracture processes and mechanisms. The 82 contributed papers by over 150 authors and co-authors represent the current state ofthat field. They address many of the theoreticaland practicalproblemsofinterestto thosescientistsand engineersconcernedwith brittle fracture. Theprogramchairmengratefullyacknowledgethefinancialassistancefor theSymposium which was provided by the JapanSocietyfor the PromotionofScience, the Inoue Foundation for Science, The Asahi Glass Foundation, the Nippon Sheet Glass Foundation for Materials Science,TheDaikoFoundation,the Japan FineCeramicsCenter,and the NagoyaConvention &. Visitors Bureau. Without their support, the magnitude and quality of this conference simply would not have been possible. Unfortunately, thenumerousindividualswhocontributedtothesuccessoftheconference cannot all be listed here. However, the program chairmen would especially like to recognize the contributions of Prof. N. Soga (President of the Conference, Kyoto University), Dr. O. Kamigaito (President of the Conference, Toyota C. R. D. Labs.), Dr. H. Awaji (JFCC), and Dr. H. Takahashi (Toyota C. R. D. Labs.) in planning and organization of the conference; Ms. E. Deguchi for her conscientious and efficient organization of the registration; Mr. N. Nakagomifor his patience and help in finally bringing these proceedings to press. R.C. Bradt D.P.H. Hasselman D. Munz Reno, USA Blacksburg, USA Karlsruhe, Germany M. Sakai V.Y. Shevchenko Toyohashi, Japan Moscow, USSR July, 1991 vii CONTENTS Dissipative Processes Accompanying Fracture •••• 1 J.T. Dickinson, S.c. Langford and L.c. Jensen Fracto-Emission From Ceramics at Cryogenic Temperatures 33 S. Owaki, T. Okada, S. Nakahara and K. Sugihara The Influence ofThe Network ofMicrocracks upon The Crack Propagation Behavior inside ofTransparent Zirconia 47 K. Ahlborn, Y. Kagawa and A. Okura Critical Stress ofMicrocracking in Alumina Evaluated by Acoustic Emission 59 S. Wakayama and H. Nishimura Analysis ofPrecracking Parameters for Ceramic Single-Edge-Precracked-Beam Specimens 73 S.R. Choi, A. Chulya and J.A. Salem Elevated-Temperature Fracture ResistancesofMonolithic and Composite Ceramics Using Chevron-Notched Bend Tests 89 A. Ghosh, M.G. Jenkins, M.K. Ferber J. Peussa and JA. Salem Reliability ofCeramics FractureToughness Measurements by Indentation 109 S.N. Dub and A.L. Maistrenko The Indentation Fracture Resistance ofSelf-Reinforced Mullites 119 T. Sakai, A. Ghosh and R.C. Bradt Cleavage of Ceramic and Mineral Single Crystals 135 R.A. Schultz and R.C. Bradt Indentation Fracture of Pure and MeV Energy Ion Implanted Sapphire 155 R. Nowak, K. Ueno and M. Kinoshita Effects of Process Zone and Specimen Geometry on Fracture Toughness ofSilicon Nitride Ceramic 175 S. Yamauchi and T. Kobayashi Biaxial Compressive Strength ofSilicon Nitride: New Data - Micromechanics Models 191 YoN. Yan and G. Sines IX Fracture Behavior of Non-Oxide Ceramics under Biaxial Stresses 211 Y. Nakasuji, N. Yamada, H. Tsuruta, M. Masuda and M. Matsui Biaxial Flexure Testing: Analysis and Experimental Results 227 W.F. Adler and D.J. Mihora Bending Fracture StrengthofSintered Silicon Nitride Disks with Shoulder Fillet at Room Temperature 247 S. Hayashi and A. Suzuki Evidence ofPlastic Deformation on Slow Crack Growth of Borate Glass 261 J. Matsuoka, K. Hirao and N. Soga Precision Crack-OffofCeramics 271 Y.M. Chen, TN. Farris and S. Chandrasekar Effect of Defects and Grain Size on Strength ofMullite Ceramics 291 Y. Yamade, Y. Kawaguchi, N. Takeda and T Kishi Evolution ofElastic and Mechanical Properties of Silica Aerogels during Gel-Glass Transformation 307 F. Pernot, T. Woignier and J. Phalippou A New Theory of Non-Destructive Inspection Based on Fracture Mechanics and Fracture Statistics 317 Y. Matsuo, K. Kitakami and S. Kimura A Statistical Analysis ofLifetime Predictionsfor Ceramics Exhibiting aTransition in Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior 329 T Ogasawara, Y. Akimune and T Akiba McClintock's Statistics and Strength Safety Factor for Ceramics 343 S.M. Barinov and V.Ya. Shevchenko Creep Damage Mechanisms in Structural Ceramics 349 D.S. Wilkinson High Temperature Fracture Mechanism of Gas-Pressure Sintered Silicon Nitride 367 N. Kohler, Y. Ikuhara, H. Awaji and K. Funatani Characterization ofThe Flexural Strength Degradation of a Commercial Hot-Pressed Silicon Nitride in a High-Temperature Sulphidizing Environment 379 C.S. Martins, M. Steen, J. Bressers and L.G. Rosa High Temperature Failure Mechanisms ofSintered Silicon Nitride 391 A.K. Mukhopadhyay, D. Chakraborty and S.K. Datta Fracture Behavior ofa Silicon Nitride Ceramic Containing a High Temperature Ductile Phase 407 R.L.K. Matsumoto and J.W. Pier Brittle-to-Ductile Transition in Silicon Nitride 427 Y. Mutoh, K. Yamaishi, N. Miyahara and T Oikawa x A Generic Model for Creep Rupture Lifetime Estimation on Fibrous Ceramic Composite 441 T-J. Chuang Some Aspects ofThe Morphology and Creep Behavior of a Unidirectional SiCf-MLAS Material 459 D. Kervadec and J-L. Chermant Creep Rupture Map ofEngineering Fine Ceramics 473 T. Tanaka, H. Nakayama, N. Okabe, S. Yamamoto and S. Fukui Observations on The Role ofCracks in The Non-Linear Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Polycrystalline Ceramics 493 D.P.H. Hasselman, KY. Donaldson and A. Venkateswaran Fracture Toughness Measurement by Indentation Fracture Method at Elevated Temperature •••• 509 S. Sakaguchi, N. Murayama, Y. Kodama and F. Wakai Effects ofExposure Time and Strain Rate on The Elevated-Temperature Tensile Strength ofSiC Monofilaments 523 W.S. Hong, J.M. Sater, M.A. Rigdon, M.G. Jenkins and M.K. Ferber Stress-Relaxation Tests Used to Determine The Elevated-Temperature Creep Parameters of Structural Ceramics •••••• 539 M.G. Jenkins and M.K. Ferber Particle Impact Damage ofEngineering Ceramics 555 J.E. Ritter Strength Degradation ofCeramics Caused by Residual Stress Around Impression 579 H. Makino, N. Kamiya and S. Wada Evaluation and Simulation ofThermal Shock Behavior by Liquid Solder Quenching • • • • 587 H. Uchimura, A. Kokaji and M. Kaji Analysis for Strength Degradation ofIndented Specimens Due to Thermal Shock 605 J.H. Gong, Z.D. Guan and D.C. Jiang Strength Analysis ofCeramics under Mechanical and Thermal Loading 611 A.D. Izotov, V.B. Lazarev and V,Ya. Shevchenko Design Methodology for Manufacturing Glass Cathode Ray Tubes 623 A. Ghosh, c.y. Cha and S. Vaidyanathan International Editorial Board, Organizing Committee, and Session Chairs 639 Authors 643 Index 653 xi DISSIPATIVE PROCESSES ACCOMPANYING FRACTURE J.T. Dickinson, S.C. Langford, and L.C. Jensen Department of Physics Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-2814 USA INTRODUCTION Failurebycrackgrowthinmaterialsisaseriousprobleminourtechnologicalsociety, reaching intoourdaily livesinourtransportation vehicles, ourstructures, andall forms of machines. Exposure to natural stresses such as wind and gravity, mechanical forces and accelerations, and to radiation and chemicalsis frequently unavoidable and often leads to crack formation, crack growth, and ultimately to catastrophic failure. As we push our technology to higher and lower temperatures, higherlevels ofstress, and wider ranges of environments,demandsonmaterialsbecomecontinuallymoreintense. Theroleoffracture mechanicsinthedesignanddevelopmentofnewmaterialshasbeencrucialandhasseIVedas aguide toprobingfailureonmicroscopiclevels. Inthispaper,Iwouldliketoexploresome fundamental aspectsoffracture whichmaystimulateandencourageextensionofmechanical analyses todeeperlevelsofmaterialsstructure. Afterabriefintroduction, thiswillinclude discussionof: fluctuations associatedwithamovingcrack(chaoticaspectsoffracture) • resultingroughnessoffracture surfaces(e.g.,fractal geometryfeatures) • dissipativeprocessesinfractureofinorganiccrystalsandglass timeandspatiallyresolvedmeasurementsofmodelfiber-matrixdebonding andpullout. Ifweexamine theforces which holdmaterials together, wefind thatthey centeron electrostatics. Theseforces dependontheelectrondistributionsassociatedwiththeatomsin the solid, and depend on the type of bonding; .e.g. ionic, covalent, metallic and Van der Waalsbonds,whichresultin netchargetransferorinteractionsduetonetdipolesorinduced dipoles. Whenadefectinasemi-brittlematerialexperiencesstress,weknowthattheforces between atoms distribute themselves in such a way thatparticularbonds are vulnerable - localized strain increases. Interatomic potentials are many-body in nature; as strain rises between atoms, electron clouds in nearby atoms respond. Critical regions ofstrain exist wheredebonding andrebondingmayoccur,essentiallyinequilibrium. Fluctuationsdue to thermal motion and possibly due to stress (e.g., reflected stress waves in the bulk) can influencetheratesofbondbreaking/ bondmaking. Onecouldthinkofthesefluctuations in termsofphononsbombardingandemittedfromthebonds. At critical strains, critical bonds can rupture irreversibly- this simply means the averageseparationoftheatoms, <r>,hasexceededdistanceswherebondreformationcannot occur, therefore the crackfront has locally advanced. Alternatively, the flaw may initiate collective, concerted motion of atoms associated with slip or twinning. The desirable tougheningassociatedwithplasticdeformationisofcontinuedinterest,becauseithasseIVed Fracture MechanicsofCeramics,Vol. 10 EditedbyR.C. Bradtetal.,PlenumPress,NewYork, 1992
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