Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Fatigue, Composites, and High-Temperature Behavior PDF
Preview Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Fatigue, Composites, and High-Temperature Behavior
Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics Volume 12 Fatigue, Composites, and High-Temperature Behavior Volume 1 Concepts, Flaws, and Fractography Volume 2 Microstructure, Materials, and Applications Volume 3 Flaws and Testing Volume 4 Crack Growth and Microstructure Volume 5 Surface Flaws, Statistics, and Microcracking Volume 6 Measurements, Transformations, and High-Temperature Fracture Volume 7 Composites, Impact, Statistics, and High-Temperature Phenomena Volume 8 Microstructure, Methods, Design, and Fatigue Volume 9 Composites, R-Curve Behavior, and Fatigue Volume 10 Fracture Fundamentals, High-Temperature Deformation, Damage, and Design Volume 11 R-Curve Behavior, Toughness Determination, and Thermal Shock Volume 12 Fatigue, Composites, and High-Temperature Behavior Fracture Mechanics ofCeramics Volume 12 Fatigue, Composites, and High -Temperature Behavior Edited by R. C. Bradt University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, Alabama D. P. H. Hasselman Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia D. Munz University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe, Germany M. Sakai Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi, Japan and V. Ya. Shevchenko High Tech Ceramics Scientific Research Centre Moscow, Russia SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC ISBN 978-1-4613-7683-5 ISBN 978-1-4615-5853-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5853-8 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-641076 Second part of the proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics, held July 18 - 20, 1995, in Karlsruhe, Germany © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York: OrigioaIly published by Plenum Press, New York in 1996 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover ISt edition 1996 AII rights reserved 10987654321 No part ofthis book rnay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ar transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, ar otherwise, without written permission /Tom the Publisher PREFACE The volumes 11 and 12 of Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics constitute the proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics held at the Research Center Karlsruhe, Germany, July 18,19,20,1995. As in previous conferences the state of the art of the failure behaviour of monolithic engineering ceramics and of reinforced ceramics was discussed. The 90 papers by over 200 authors and co-authors address the recent devel opments in the understanding and the modelling of the fracture processes in brittle materi als. The main topics are R-curve behaviour, toughness determination, surface effects, com posite materials, high temperature behaviour, ceramic-metal joints, fatigue. The program chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Science Foundation) which made possible the participa tion of scientists from East Europe. We also thank Mrs. Eva Schroder from the Research Cen ter Karlsruhe, the local organization committee (Dirk Hertel, Claus Petersen, Dr. Franz Porz, Rainer Weif3) and the conference secretary Mrs. Lucia Borchardt for their conscientious and efficient organization of all details of the conference, Mrs. Isabella Daubenthaler and Mrs. Natascha Rothweiler for preparing the booklet of abstracts and Dr. Theo Fett for his help in editing the proceedings. R.C. Bradt D.P. Hasselman D. Munz Tuscaloosa, USA Blacksburg, USA Karlsruhe, Germany M. Sakai Y.V. Shevchenko Toyohashi, Japan Moscow, Russia July 1995 II CONTENTS Fracture Mechanics of Fatigue of Structural Ceramics' I.-W. Chen, S.-Y. Liu, D.S. Jacobs and M. Engineer Fatigue Behavior of Sintered AI203 under Rotary Bending and Static Fatigue' 15 H.N. Ko Fatigue of Notched Alumina Specimens' ··31 D. Hertel, T. Fett and D. Munz Static and Cyclic Fatigue of Zirconia Materials Measured by Double Torsion· 45 J. Chevalier, C Olagnon and G. FantozzI The Fatigue Behaviour of Mg-PSZ and ZTA Ceramics' 61 M.M. Nagl, L. Llanes, R. Fernandez and M. Anglada The Influence of Processing Techniques on the Fatigue Properties of Yttrla . 77 Stabilized Zirconia with Different Grain Sizes R. Matt and G. Grathwohl Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation In Ceramics' . 93 A. Ueno and H. Kishimoto On Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Si-Alloyed Pyrolytlc Carbon 107 L. Ma, G. Sines and CB. Gilpin An Analysis of Cyclic Fatigue Effects In Ceramic MatrIX Composites' 121 D. Koch and G. Grathwohl Fatigue Life Predictions of PZT Using Continuum Damage Mechanics and· 135 Finite Element Methods T-J. Chuang, Z. Wang, M. Hill and G. White Crack Growth in Ferroelectric Ceramics and Actuators under Mechanical· 149 and ElectrICal Loading G.A. Schneider, H. Weltzlng and B. Zickgraf Effects of Residual Stress on Fracture Toughness and Submtical Crack 161 Growth of Indented Cracks in Various Glasses M. Yoda, N. Ogawa and K. Ono Determ ination of Threshold Stress Intensity Factor for Sub-Critical Crack 167 Growth in Ceramic Materials by Interrupted Static Fatigue Test V.M. Sglavo, D.J. Green, S.W. Martz and R.E. Tressler vii fracture Toughness and Subcritical Crack Growth in an Alumina/Silicon' . 179 Carbide 'Nanocomposite' M. Hoffman, J. Rodel, M. Sternitzke and R. Brook High Temperature Crack Growth in Silicon Nitride with Two Different Grain· . 187 Sizes under Static and Cyclic Loads T. Hansson, Y. Miyashita and Y. Mutoh Simulating Non-Equilibrium fracture Behavior of Ceramics in Controlled· . .. . . .. . 203 Bending Test S.P. Kovalev and G.G. Pisarenko Molecular Orbital Calculations Comparing Water Enhanced Bond Breakage· . 219 in Si02 and Si G.S. White and WWong-Ng Interface Mechanisms in Ceramic-Ceramic Fibre Composites and Their· 229 Relations with Fracture and Fatigue Behavio.ur D. Rouby fracture Characteristics of SiC MonofilamentiSiAION Ceramic Composite 253 K. Ueno, T. Inoue and S. Sodeoka Onset of Cumulative Damage (first Matrix Cracking) and the Effects of Test· .... 267 Parameters on the Tensile Behavior of a Continuous Fibre-Reinforced Ceramic Composite (CFCC) M.G. Jenkins, J.P. Piccola Jr. and E. Lara-CurllO Crack Resistance of Ceramic Matrix Composites with Coulomb Friction· . 283 Controlled Interfacial Processes M. Kuntz and G. Grathwohl Mechanical Behavior of Large Size Compact Tension Specimens of ............ . 293 2D SiC-SiC Composite Materials M. Drissi-Habti High Temperature Fracture Resistance and Strength of Ceramic Composites· 319 after Thermal Exposure at 1200 °C J.A. Celemin, J.Y. Pastor, J. LLorca, M. Elices and A. Martin Microcracking in Silicon Carbide-Titanium Diboride Particulate Composites· 333 D.J. Green, M.-J. Pan and J.R. Hellmann Determination of the Critical Stress for Microcracking in Alumina and 343 Alumina Matrix Composites S. Wakayama, H. Naito and B.-N. Kim Application of a Multiparticle Model to Estimate the Brittle Strength of a .. 355 Particle Reinforced Composite V.1. Kushch and V.T. Golovchan Fracture Behaviour and Toughening of Alumina-Based Composites· 371 Fabricated by Microstructural Control B.-K. Jang, M. Enoki, T. Kishi, S.-H. Lee and H.-K. Oh viii Fracture Characterization of Silicon Nitride Based Layered Composites' 383 J. Dusza, P. Sajgalik, E. Rudnayovc'l, P. HVlzodos and Z. Lences Modelling Stress Distribution in Brittle Particulate -Brittle Matrix Composites' 399 R. Biswas, H. Henshall and R.J. Wakeman Identification of Damage Variable In CeramIC Matrix Composite with ........... 413 Different Behaviour in Tension and Compression A. Zolochevsky Thermal Properties and Thermal Stresses in Delaminated Ceramic Matrix' . 429 Composites Y. Lu, K. Y. Donaldson and D.P.H. Hasselman Interfacial Glass Structure Affecting Micromechanlsm of Fracture In a . 435 Fluorine-Doped Si3N4-SiC Composite H.-J. Kleebe and G. Pelzotti Interfacial Fracture in the Presence of Residual Stresses' 443 S. Schmauder Fracture Behavior of Interphase-Modified Metal/Ceramic Interfaces 451 G. Liu and J.K. Shang Stresses and Fracture in Ceramic-Metal Joints' .. 463 A Bruckner-Foit, D. Munz, M. Tilscher and Y.Y. Yang Indentation Cracking of Brittle Thin Films on Brittle Substrates' 475 E. Weppelmann, M. Wittling, MV Swain and D. Munz Influence of a Functionally Gradient Surface on Cracking in WClCo 487 Hardmetals J. Rohde and S. Schmauder High-Temperature Failure of Vitreous-Bonded Alumina 499 C. Wolf and H. Hubner Tensile Creep of Sintered Silicon Nitride Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures· . 515 K.Hatanaka, H. Shlota and K. Oshita Damage Creep in SiCf-MLAS Composites' . 527 H. Maupas, D. Kervadic and J.-L Chermant The Variation of Indentation Fracture with Temperature in Silicon Carbide, . 539 Silicon Nitride and Zirconia M.-O. Guillou, J.L Henshall and R.M. Hooper On High Temperature Creep and Damage of Polycrystalline Ceramics' 551 H. Balke, W. Pompe and H. Weber Pseudoplastic Deformation and Failure of Y-TZP-AI203 Ceramics at High' 561 Temperature V.N. Antsiferov, A.A. Tashkinov, V.E. Wildemann and LG. Sevastianova ix Effect of Remanent Polarization Level on Macrocrack Extension in Lead· . . . . . . . . . . . .. 569 Zirconate Titanate (PZT) M.D. Hill, G.S. White and I.K. Lloyd Authors' ........................................................................ 579 Index············ .............................. " ............................... 591 x FRACTURE MECHANICS OF FATIGUE OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICSt I-Wei Chen, Shih-Yu Liu' , David S. Jacobs§ and Mehemosh Engineer Materials Science & Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136 INTRODUCTION Stable crack growth under cyclic loading has been observed in many structural ceramics which exhibit a rising toughness (R-curve) behavior.I·7 Although the growth is sometimes enhanced by the environmental factors, it can also proceed in vacuum where the environmental assistance is absent. 6 This phenomenon has been extensively documented in recent years so that it is now possible to give a fairly general description of its mechanisms and kinetics. The purpose of this article is to incorporate the main body of the phenomenology into a micromechanical framework, within which the current understanding of the R-curve behavior and fatigue is fully reconciled. For ceramics which have no capacity for crack tip blunting, stable crack growth under a monotonically increasing load must imply the existence of an R-curve.8 Applying the same instability consideration in fracture mechanics to cyclic loading conditions of identical peak stress intensity factor, Kmax, and demanding incremental crack advance in every cycle when the stress intensity factor reaches Kmax, we can conclude that stable fatigue crack growth likewise implies the existence of an underlying R-curve. On the other hand, stable crack growth under the latter conditions also implies a degradation of fracture resistance during unloading and reloading, since cyclic loading in ceramics cannot cause blunting and resharpening of the crack as it does in metals. Thus, a mechanistic understanding of the R curve behavior and shielding degradation in ceramics holds the key to the problem. The most general cause for the R-curve behavior in ceramics is crack wake bridging due to frictional pull out of grains.9 The magnitude of crack tip shielding from this contribution depends on the population of participating grains, the friction, the sliding distance, and geometrical factors such as the aspect ratio of the grain. 10 Among the above factors, friction is obviously amenable to degradation by wear during cyclic loading. Direct physical evidence of wear under a cyclic load is vividly displayed in Fig. I, II which shows accumulation of wear debris at the sliding interfaces under cyclic but not monotonic loading conditions. This mechanism is adopted in the present analysis which will further explore the interplay between cyclic loading, interfacial friction, and crack tip shielding. t This research was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Grant No. AFOSR-F49620- 95-\-0\\9. • Now at Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, PA. § Now at Saint Gobain Norton, Northboro, MA. Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics. vol.n Edited by R.C. Bradt et al., Plenum Press. New York. 1996
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