Fracture, fatigue, failure and damage evolution. : Volume 7 proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics

123 Pages·2018·8.02 MB·English

by  Beese

Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
Jay Carroll · Shuman Xia · Alison M. Beese
Ryan B. Berke · Garrett J. Pataky Editors
Fracture, Fatigue,
Failure and
Damage Evolution,
Volume 7
Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference on
Experimental and Applied Mechanics
Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
SeriesEditor
Kristin B.Zimmerman,Ph.D.
SocietyforExperimental Mechanics,Inc.,
Bethel,CT,USA
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8922
Jay Carroll • Shuman Xia (cid:129) Alison M. Beese (cid:129) Ryan B. Berke
Garrett J. Pataky
Editors
Fracture, Fatigue, Failure and Damage
Evolution, Volume 7
Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference on Experimental
and Applied Mechanics
123
Editors
JayCarroll ShumanXia
SandiaNationalLaboratories SchoolofMechanicalEngineering
Albuquerque,NM,USA GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
Atlanta,GA,USA
AlisonM.Beese
PennsylvaniaStateUniversity RyanB.Berke
StateCollege,PA,USA DepartmentofMechanical&AerospaceEngineering
UtahStateUniversity
GarrettJ.Pataky Logan,UT,USA
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
ClemsonUniversity
Clemson,SC,USA
ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652 (electronic)
ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries
ISBN978-3-319-62830-1 ISBN978-3-319-62831-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-62831-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015951232
©TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2018
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Preface
Fracture, Fatigue, Failure and Damage Evolution represents one of nine volumes of technical papers presented at the
2017 SEM Annual Conference and Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics organized by the Society for
ExperimentalMechanicsandheldinIndianapolis,IN,June12–15,2017.Thecompleteproceedingsalsoincludesvolumeson
DynamicBehaviorofMaterials;ChallengesinMechanicsofTime-DependentMaterials;AdvancementofOpticalMethods
in Experimental Mechanics; Mechanics of Biological Systems, Materials and Other Topics in Experimental and Applied
Mechanics;Micro-andNanomechanics;MechanicsofComposite,HybridandMultifunctionalMaterials;ResidualStress,
ThermomechanicsandInfraredImaging,HybridTechniquesandInverseProblems;andMechanicsofAdditiveandAdvanced
Manufacturing.
Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromexperimentalandcomputationalinvestigationsonanimportantareawithin
experimentalmechanics,fractureandfatiguebeingoneoftheseareas.
Fatigueandfracturearetwoofthemostcriticalconsiderationsinengineeringdesign.Understandingandcharacterizing
fatigueandfracturehasremainedasoneoftheprimaryfocusareasofexperimentalmechanicsforseveraldecades.Advances
inexperimentaltechniques,suchasdigitalimagecorrelation,acousticemissions,andelectronmicroscopy,haveallowedfor
deeper study of phenomena related to fatigue and fracture. This volume contains the results of investigations of several
aspects of fatigue and fracture such as microstructural effects, the behavior of interfaces, the behavior of different and/or
complex materials such as composites, and environmental and loading effects. The collection of experimental mechanics
researchincludedhererepresentsanothersteptowardsolvingthelong-termchallengesassociatedwithfatigueandfracture.
Albuquerque,NM,USA JayCarroll
Atlanta,GA,USA ShumanXia
StateCollege,PA,USA AlisonM.Beese
Logan,UT,USA RyanB.Berke
Clemson,SC,USA GarrettJ.Pataky
v
Contents
1 Interface Mechanical Strength and Elastic Constants Calculations via Nano Impact
andNanomechanicalRamanSpectroscopy .......................................................................... 1
DevendraVermaandVikasTomar
2 EffectofStrainRateandInterfaceChemistryonFailureinEnergeticMaterials............................... 7
ChandraPrakash,I.EmreGunduz,andVikasTomar
3 CharacterizationofCrackTipPlasticityinIN-617UsingIndentationandNano-MechanicalRaman
Spectroscopy ............................................................................................................. 13
YangZhangandVikasTomar
4 TheTwo-WayRelationshipBetweenResidualStressandFatigue/Fracture ..................................... 19
MichaelB.Prime
5 DesigningBrittleFractureSpecimenstoInvestigateEnvironmentallyAssistedCrackGrowth ............... 25
SundayAduloju,WenjiaGu,TimothyTruster,JohnEmery,DaveReedy,andScottJ.Grutzik
6 FlexibleEnergyHarvesting/StorageStructuresforFlappingWingAirVehicles................................ 35
AlexHolness,HughA.Bruck,andSatyandraK.Gupta
7 TheInfluenceofFormulationVariationandThermalBoundaryConditionsontheNear-Resonant
ThermomechanicsofMockExplosives................................................................................ 47
AllisonR.Range,NicoleR.McMindes,JaylonB.Tucker,andJeffreyF.Rhoads
8 DetectingFatigueCrackClosureandCrackGrowthDelaysAfteranOverloadUsingDICMeasurements. 57
G.L.G.Gonzáles,J.A.O.González,J.T.P.Castro,andJ.L.F.Freire
9 In-SituObservationofDamageEvolutioninQuasi-IsotropicCFRPLaminates ................................ 67
AddisTessema,SurajRavindran,AbigailWohlford,andAddisKidane
10 Contamination-Induced Degradation/Enhancement of Interfacial Toughness and Strength
inPolymer-MatrixCompositeInterfaces............................................................................. 73
DenizhanYavas,XuShang,andAshrafF.Bastawros
11 DirectandSimultaneousExtractionofMixed-ModeTraction-SeparationRelations........................... 79
ChenglinWu,RuiHuang,andKennethM.Liechti
12 DamageEvolutionin304LStainlessSteelPartialPenetrationLaserWelds ..................................... 85
SharlotteKramer,AmandaJones,JohnEmery,andKyleKarlson
13 Cross-AxisCouplingandPhaseAngleEffectsDuetoMultiaxialVibration...................................... 95
EdHabtour,AbhijitDasgupta,andSabrinaVantadori
14 BehaviorofSteel-ConcreteCompositeBeamsUnderFatigueLoads.............................................. 99
AymanEl-ZohairyandHaniSalim
15 StudyingtheFractureofTropicalWoodSpecieswiththeGridMethod.......................................... 111
B.Odounga,R.MoutouPitti,E.Toussaint,andM.Grédiac
vii
viii Contents
16 GeneralizationofIntegralParameterstoFatigueLoadinginRoomTemperature.............................. 115
RostandMoutouPitti,HassenRiahi,andMulugetaA.Haile
17 FractureBehaviorofUnidirectionalCompositesAnalyzedbyAcousticEmissionsTechnique ................ 121
C.BarileandC.Casavola
Chapter 1
Interface Mechanical Strength and Elastic Constants Calculations via
Nano Impact and Nanomechanical Raman Spectroscopy
DevendraVermaandVikasTomar
Abstract Interfacesareubiquitousinimportantnaturalandmanmadematerials.Researchevidencehasshownthatinterface
chemistry,structure,andthicknesstogetherstronglyinfluencematerialmicrostructureandmechanicalproperties.Thefocus
of the present work is on presenting an experiment based theoretic advancement to predict thickness dependent elastic
propertiesofmaterialsinterfacesbytreatingtheinterfacesandtheareaaroundtheminamaterialasanelasticcontinuum.The
experimentsarebasedonthenanomechanicalRamanspectroscopy(NMRS)developedbyauthorsearlierwithacapabilityto
simultaneouslymeasurestresscomponentsinorthogonaldirectionsduringanin-situnanomechanicalloading.Ananalytical
modelisdevelopedbasedonboundaryconditionsofinterfacetopredictthicknessdependentinterfaceelasticconstants.The
interfaceelasticconstantsarecomparedwiththerelationsprovidedinliterature.
Keywords NanomechanicalRamanspectroscopy (cid:129) In-situinterfacedeformation (cid:129) In-situnanomechanicalmeasurements (cid:129)
Interfacethickness (cid:129) Interfaceelasticconstants
ThefirstevermentionofinterfacesisintheworkofGibbs[1]whereheformulatedthermodynamicfoundationsofinterface
excess energy. Gibbs definition of interfaces was a zero thickness mathematical entity. The focus of the present work is
different from interface thermodynamics, interface chemistry, and interface structure characterization work available in
literature.Theinterfaceinthisstudyisconsideredtobeoffinitethicknesswithanon-zerovolume.Emphasisisondeducing
the influence of interfaces on mechanical deformation using a classical approach that incorporates interface multi-axial
properties.ThepresentworkusesananomechanicalRamanspectroscopy(NMRS)[2–7]basedexperimentalframeworkto
measuredirectin-situinterfacedeformationproperties.
IntheclassicalworkbyDingrevilleandQu[8–10]theinterfacialmismatchstresswasrelatedtothein-planestrainand
applied stress in the case of a zero thickness interface. These formulations provide a way to calculate interfacial elastic
properties based on the contribution of interfacial coherent surface stress, incoherent surface stress and transverse excess
strain. The role of transverse direction properties of interfaces is accounted for mathematically. In an another formation,
the interface is explicitly considered as a finite thickness entity to calculate the interface elastic constants in the case of
heterogeneous thin interfaces by Ustinov et al. [11] showing the interface stiffness dependence on their thickness. The
presentworkfocusesonusingNMRSbaseddirectobservationsofmultiaxialinterfacedeformationtodevelopatheoretical
frameworkforpredictinginterfaceelasticconstantsasafunctionofinterfacethickness.
Interfacesincompositematerialsareconsideredasamaterialphaseconfinedbetweentwoseparategrainsorphases.In
thisexperimentalwork,theinterfaceelasticconstantsaremeasuredinthecaseofanidealizedepoxyinterfacebetweentwo
glass plates. Single interface samples of glass and epoxy were prepared with an epoxy interface sandwiched between two
glassplates.Thethicknessoftheinterfaceinsampleswasmeasuredwithamicroscopetomakesurethatitwasintheerror
marginof10˙0.5(cid:2)m.
Considering different stiffness for the interface and the bulk phases, this boundary condition leads to a jump in the
stresses.Ithascontinuousstraindistributionforthecomponentinindentationdirectionwhilethestressesperpendicularto
theinterfacemustfulfilltheconditionofequilibrium.Tosolvethisproblem,afictitioushomogeneousisotropicelastichalf
space is assumed which for a given applied load through the indenter exhibits the same normal surface displacement as
the materialwith interface.Figure 1.1shows theschematic of solution procedure for this case.The key assumption of the
analyticalapproachpresentedhereisthattheclassicalstrainsolutionandthesolutionforthelayeredhalfspacearesimilar
fortheappliedloads.Theassumptionsforthesecomponentsaretherefore:
D.Verma(cid:129)V.Tomar((cid:2))
SchoolofAeronauticsandAstronautics,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN,47907,USA
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
©TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2018 1
J.Carrolletal.(eds.),Fracture,Fatigue,FailureandDamageEvolution,Volume7,ConferenceProceedingsoftheSociety
forExperimentalMechanicsSeries,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-62831-8_1
2 D.VermaandV.Tomar
E =?
n =? u,(cid:2),σ
1. Fictitious homogeneous half space 2. Solution from the Literature
σ
xx
≈ σ
zz
σ
xz
(cid:2) ,(cid:2) ,σ (cid:2) ,(cid:2) ,σ
zz xz xx zz xz xx
4. Get the stresses
for the layered half
3. Some strain and some stress component distributions show a good match.
space with using
material laws
Fig.1.1 Schematicillustrationofthesolutionprocedure
(cid:3) (cid:2)(cid:3) ;
xx;fict xx;lay
(cid:3) (cid:2)(cid:3) ; (1.1)
xz;fict xz;lay
(cid:3) (cid:2)(cid:3) :
xy;fict xy;lay
Theremainingstraincomponentsininterfaceplanedirection,andmustfulfilltheconditionsofcompatibilityandstrain
jumpscannotoccur.
(cid:4) (cid:2)(cid:4) ;
yy;fict yy;lay (1.2)
(cid:4) (cid:2)(cid:4) :
yz;fict yz;lay
Due to limitations of the stress measuring technique, it is not possible to obtain a full stress tensor for the interface in
thecurrentindentationsetup.Nevertheless,anequivalentstresscanbeobtained,thereforethecalculatedstresstensorsare
transferredtoanequivalentstressby:
q
(cid:2) (cid:3) (cid:2) (cid:3)
(cid:3) D (cid:3)2 C(cid:3)2 C(cid:3)2 (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) C(cid:3) (cid:3) C(cid:3) (cid:3) C3 (cid:3)2 C(cid:3)2 C(cid:3)2 : (1.3)
v xx yy zz xx yy yy zz xx zz xy yz xz
Here,(cid:3) isthevonMisesequivalentstress.Theflatpunchcorrectionswerethenappliedinthemodel.Aflatendedanda
v
sphericalindenterproducedifferentloaddistributionsonthesurfaceofthesample.
To validate the assumptions of the model, an interface FE model and a homogeneous isotropic half space model was
simulatedwith10(cid:2)mthickinterfaceinthemiddle.Planestrainloadingboundaryconditionswereappliedandtheloading
wasgiveninthedisplacementboundarycondition.Thestrainsweremeasuredatthemaximumdisplacementof500nmthat
wasequivalenttotheindentationdepthintheactualexperiments.Thestrainsandstresseswerecomparedforbothmodels.
ThestressesshowedthesimilarprofilevalidatingthestressassumptionsgiveninEq.(1.1).
Raman spectroscopy is an excellent tool to measure properties such as the crystalline structure, chemical signature
without a necessity of sample preparation. The Raman spectroscopy has been used for other material systems such as
epoxyinrecentyearstomeasurethecuringstateaswellastheresidualstressesinthesample44.WehaveusedtheRaman
spectroscopydevelopedinourlabbyGanandTomartomeasurethestressesintheinterfaceatdifferentappliedloadsduring
nanomechanicalloadingtocomparethestressdistribution[3,4].Themechanicalloadwasappliedusingthenanoindentation
platform manufactured by Micro Materials Inc., UK, [12, 13] with load range from 0.1 to 500 mN, with the accuracy of
0.01mN.Thenanomechanicalloadingwasperformedusingaflatpunchindenterattachedtothependulum.
1 InterfaceMechanicalStrengthandElasticConstantsCalculationsviaNanoImpactandNanomechanicalRamanSpectroscopy 3
Fig.1.2 (a) Setup of the nanomechanical Raman spectroscopy experiments. (b) Raman spectrum collected from epoxy showing the peak
correspondingtoC–Hbond.(c)Ramanshiftversusstresscalibrationcurveforepoxy
Fig.1.3 Distributionoftheequivalentstressfortheindentationwithaflatindenterfor20,200,and500mN.Theheightineachmapis80(cid:2)m
andwidthis10(cid:2)m
The epoxy samples show Raman peaks in a wide range from 560 to 645 nm. The Raman signal at each wavelength
dependsonthemassoftheatomsinvolvedandthestrengthofthebondsbetweenthem.Inthecurrentsystemwemeasured
thestrongestsignalaround641.1nmasshowninFig.1.2b.Thechangeinshiftwasobtainedbysubtractingtheshiftatthe
appliedloadfortheshiftatzeroload.ThecalibrationcurveforshiftversusloadforepoxyisgiveninFig.1.2d.TheRaman
shiftversusstresscalibrationcurvewasusedtocalculatethestressmapsontheinterfaces.TheRamanmapsweremeasured
at0,6,60,and150MPa.Themeasurementswereperformedwhileholdingtheloadconstant.Thestressdistributionacross
interfacesisshowninFig.1.3.
The Raman spectroscopy only provides the average stress at the interface but stress tensors in different directions are
neededtofullyunderstandthebehaviorofinterfaces.Evenintheexperiments,itisdifficulttomeasurethelateralstresses.
Ananalyticalsolutionisthereforedevelopedtocalculatethelateralstressesduringindentationofinterfaces.Inthepresent
analyses, the indentations are quasistatic and fully elastic which gives small indentation depths compared to the indenter