Foundations of social policy social justice in human perspective PDF
Preview Foundations of social policy social justice in human perspective
✵ Foundations of Social Policy Social Justice in Human Perspective THIRD EDITION AMANDA SMITH BARUSCH Universityof Otago,NewZealand Australia•Brazil•Japan•Korea•Mexico•Singapore•Spain•UnitedKingdom•UnitedStates FoundationsofSocialPolicy: ©2009,2006Brooks/Cole,CengageLearning SocialJusticeinHumanPerspective, ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyright ThirdEdition hereinmaybereproduced,transmitted,stored,orusedinanyformor AmandaSmithBarusch byanymeansgraphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingbutnotlim- itedtophotocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Webdis- AcquisitionEditor:SethDobrin tribution,informationnetworks,orinformationstorageandretrieval AssistantEditor:MeaghanBanks systems,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976 UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionof EditorialAssistant:DianeMars thepublisher. 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PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 12345671211100908 ✵ To my dad, Gilbert Teemley Smith ✵ Brief Contents PREFACE xvi PART I Policy Analysis: Frameworks and Tools 1 1 Social JusticeandSocial Workers 3 2 TheGovernment’sRole 27 3 Policy Analysis andPolicyPractice 61 PART II Collective Responses to Social Problems 101 4 TheSocial SecurityAct 106 5 Poverty 137 6 Physical Illness 186 7 Mental Illness 230 8 Disability 262 PART III Vulnerable Populations: Discrimination and Oppression 281 9 Peopleof Color 284 10 Gay,Lesbian,Bisexual,andTransgendered Individuals 320 11 Children 346 12 Women 383 iv BRIEF CONTENTS v 13 TheElderly 408 14 WorkingAmericans 443 15 Conclusion:Cyclesof Liberation 491 REFERENCES 504 NAME INDEX 533 SUBJECT INDEX 541 ✵ Contents PREFACE xvi PART I Policy Analysis: Frameworks and Tools 1 1 Social Justice and Social Workers 3 Social Justice Defined 3 Defining Justice: A Modern Approach 5 Defining Justice: A Postmodern Approach 6 Justice in Process 7 Components of Social Justice 8 Oligarchy and Social Justice 12 Libertarian Conceptions of Social Justice 13 Liberal Conceptions of Social Justice 14 Socialist Conceptions of Social Justice 17 Summary of Philosophical Approaches 18 Social Justice: Themes for “Micro’’ Practice 19 Social Justice Is Personal and Political 20 Families Teach Social Justice 21 Injustice Undermines Social Bonds and Nation-States 22 Social Workers and Social Justice 22 Bertha Capen Reynolds: A Profile 22 Social Work and Social Justice 23 vi CONTENTS vii 2 The Government’s Role 27 Philosophical Perspectives and Contemporary Politics 28 Political Parties 28 Political Labels 30 Levels of Government 31 Branches of Government 33 The Legislative Branch 33 Where the Money Goes 37 Trends in Federal Spending 38 The Executive Branch 40 The Judicial Branch 43 Privatization: Ending the “Era of Big Government”? 45 Theoretical and Practical Limits of Privatization 46 The U.S. Tax System: A Brief Introduction 48 Structural and Philosophical Considerations 49 The Bush Tax Cuts 52 3 Policy Analysis and Policy Practice 61 What Is Policy Practice? 65 Assessment and Analysis: Research for Policy Practice 66 Policy Analysis 67 Process Approaches 68 Need Assessment 68 Prince Policy Appraisal 70 Product Analysis 71 Performance Analysis 74 Social Justice Framework for Policy Analysis 75 Assessing the Process 76 Describing the Allocation Rules 77 Determine the Effect on Vulnerable Populations (Deserts, Needs, Rights, and Equality) 78 Reach a Conclusion 78 Advocacy Skills 79 Preparing, Composing, and Delivering Arguments 80 Preparation: Speak to the Audience 80 Composing the Argument 82 Successful Delivery 84 viii CONTENTS Negotiation and Compromise 85 Use of Relationship 85 Building and Maintaining Coalitions 86 Empowerment in Policy Practice 87 Ethical Issues in Policy Practice 88 Is Advocacy an Ethical Obligation? 89 Sharpening the Message 89 Using Clients 90 Keeping Confidences 91 Characteristics of Ethical Persuasion 91 Legal Considerations in Policy Practice 93 The Hatch Act 93 Preserving Tax-Exempt Status 94 PART II Collective Responses to Social Problems 101 Predicting Collective Action 102 Social Problem Analysis 103 About Part II 105 4 The Social Security Act 106 Social Insurance in Western Europe 107 Social Security in the United States 109 Old-Age and Survivors Insurance for Workers 113 How OASI Operates 114 Women and OASI 118 Unemployment Insurance 121 Disability Insurance 123 Medical Insurance 124 The Development of National Health Insurance in Europe 124 Medical Insurance in the United States 125 Means-Tested Programs Under the Social Security Act 127 Public Assistance for Dependent Children 127 Supplemental Security Income 127 Medical Care for the Indigent: Medicaid 129 Health and Social Services 130 Child Welfare Services (Title IV) 131 Maternal and Child Health Services (Title V) 131 CONTENTS ix Social Services Block Grant (Title XX) 132 Children’s Health Insurance Program (Title XXI) 132 A Tool for Social Justice: The Philosophies of Social Security in the United States 133 5 Poverty 137 Defining Poverty 140 Critiques of the Poverty Threshold 142 Values and Beliefs About Poverty and the Poor 143 Religious Beliefs About Charity 143 Poverty as Crime 144 Poverty as Motivation 145 Human Capital Explanations of Poverty 145 Culture of Poverty Explanations 146 Restricted Opportunity Theories of Poverty 147 The Pauperization Argument 148 Public Interventions to Prevent or Alleviate Poverty 148 British Approaches 149 American Approaches to Poverty in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 150 American Approaches to Poverty in the Twentieth Century 156 Programs for America’s Poor 167 Medicaid 167 Food Stamps 168 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 170 Housing Assistance 171 Summary of Attitudes and Interventions 173 Realities of Poverty in the Contemporary United States 174 Characteristics of America’s Poor 174 Inequality in the United States 176 “Secondary Risks” of Poverty 177 Welfare Fraud 181 6 Physical Illness 186 History of Public Health Interventions in the United States 187 Federal Health Agencies 192 Public Health Service 192 Children’s Bureau 193 Department of Veterans Affairs 194
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