Foundations of Quantum Theory (International School of Physics Enrico Fermi)

218 Pages·2019·27.796 MB·English

by  E.M. Rasel, W.P. Schleich, S. Wölk

SOClETlAT ALlADNlAF ISIC'A ITALIPAHNY SAILCS OCITEY
RENDIC ONTI PROCEEDINGS
DELLA OFT HE
SCUOLIAN TENRAZIONADLIEF ISICA INTERANTIONASLC HOOOLF P HYSICS
"ENRIFCEOR MI" "ENRIFCEOR MI"
CXCVIIC ORSO COURSE1 97
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S.WOLK S.WOLK
VARENNSAU LL AGOD IC OMO VARENNOAN L AKEC OI\IO
VILLJ\AI ONASTERO VILLJ\AI ONASTERO
8 13L ugl2i0o1 6 8 13J ul2y0 1G
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deqiu anti Theory
2019
2019
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Press
SOCIETIAT ALIADNIAF ISICA
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CONTENTS
E.11R.A SEWL..P .S CHLEaInCSdH . W OLK- Preface.......p...X.V.....
Courgsreo up. s.h o.t . . . . . . . . . . . . .» .X X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NANCTYH ORNDGIRKEEE NS-PSAicNe nicnte u multtuiom.ue ss. . . ». .1 . . .
Produbcyte hdSe I EF idtoSraitffa l Introd.u.c.t.i.o.n. ........................ ..». ..1...................
1.They eaorfts h Feri sWto rlWda r( 1914-1918) ........ ..». ..2...........
2.Post-yWeaar(r 1s9 19-.1.9.2.1.). ................. .». ..4............
ProducEtdiiotMnoa rr:c eMlilsas iroli 3.Q uantmuemc han(itc1hse9 20.s.). .................. .». ..6..........
4.Exi(l1e9 3.3.). ........................... .». ...8.................
Co v..e erseS W.oR lekv ealqiunagn tum prwoipteshri tmipemlsee a surempe.n2 t3s5, 56..TT hheeaN toobbmeo lm b((P 11r99i..45z..54e..)) .. .......................................... ..»..».. ..11..11..........................
7.C onclu(s1i9o7.n0. ). ........................ ..». .1.1. ..............
Append.i..x. .A. ........................... .». ..1.2. .................
Grapehliacb orbaySt miioonnOa l eandri
AppenBd. i..x. ........................................ ..». .1.3.......
NANCTYH ORNDGIRKEEE NS-PBAuNtG odd oepsl adyi cTeh:ep attho
quantmuemc ha.n.i.c.s. ..................... ..». .1.5. ...............
Introd.u.c.t.i.o.n. .........................». .1.5. .................. .
1.BresGlearum,a (nnyoW wr oclPaowl,a .n.d.). ............ ..». .1..6. ....
2.G otti.n.g.e.n. .......................... .».. .1.6. .................
3.Fr ankf.u.r.t. ........................... .».. .1.7. .................
4.Gottianggae.in.n . ......................... ..». .1.8. ...............
5.A meri.c.a. ......................................... .».. .2.1. .....
6.G oittng.e.n. ....................·. ..·.. ·. ·. ·. ·. ·. ».· . .2·.4 . ·. .·. ..
ProprLieettatare Ririas ervata
PrinitInet da blyyL abaenN tain lnnid usGtrraifiecS rh.l.e. - Cre(sBpOe)l lano M.KLEBEFRr otmh Beo hmro dteolH eisenqbuearngtm'uesmc ha.n.ic»s 29
1.Introd.u.c.t.i.o.n. ..............•.. .....•.. ..• . .•. ».• . .2•.9 . •. .•. .
2.FromB almteoBr o h.r. ....................•.. ..•• . .». ..3.0. ........
3.TheB ohmro deble tween asnudfc acie.ls.us.r .e. .......... ..». .3.3. ....
4.H eisenpbaetrfhgr 'ocsml aspshiycsatiloqc usa ntmuemc han.i.c.s. ... .». 36
4·1. Actiionnt eignrF aolu rsipear.c .e. ................ .». ..3.7. ......
VII
VIII CONTENTS CONTENTS
IX
4·2E.x tentsoai noa nr bitfrraerqyu sepneccyt .r.u.m. ........ ..». .3.8. .
4·3T_h ea ppearoafnn ocne- commquutainntg.i .t.i.es. ....... ..». .3.9. . 3.l\, latwtaev.re. ............................ .». ..8.6. ................
5. Quantiozfta htleii onhnea arrm oonsicci l.l.a.t.o.r. ......... .». ..4.0. ... 3·1W.a veeq uatfoirmo ant twearv. e. .................». ..8.9. ...... .
6.Ligahttt h een odf t hteu nn.e.l. ....·.. ........... ........ .». ..4.3. ... 4.Finraelm a.r.k. .......................... ..». .8.9. ................
5.Furtrheeard i.n.g.s. ........................». ..8.9. .............. .
W.P .S CHLEDI.CM H.,G REENBERDG.HE .RK ,O BaEn Md. 0 .S CULLY
Theli neoafrq iutayn tmuemcn hiaacnstd h bei rotfth h Sec hrodeiqnugaetri» o n4 7 EDWARSD.F RY -HistotroBy e llilen'aesdq iunaagnl edi xtpye ri.m..e n»ts 91
1.I ntrod.u.c.t.i.o.n. ....................... .». ..4.8. ..........1...I.n.t.r.o d.u.c.t.i.o.n. .......................»...9.1................. .
11 .· L ineariozfta htneio onn- lwianveeeaq ru at.i.o.n. ........ ..». .4.8. . 2.Earhliys tory .........................»...9.2..................... .
1·2K.e y iodfoe uaspr r eviaopupsr oa.c.h.e.s. ........... .». ..5.1. .... 3.Theb eginnoifqn ugasn tmuemc han.i.c.s. .............. ..»..9.5.......
1·3O_u tl.i.n.e. ......................... ..». ..5.2. .........4...B.e.lI.ln. e qua.l.i.t.i.e.s. ........................... ....»... 1.0.0......
2.Roatdo watrhdSesc hrodeiqnugaet.ri. o.n. .............. .». ..5.3. ..... 5.Inietxipaelr i.m.e.n.t.s. ..................... ..»..1.0.2..............
3.Comparwiisttohhn le i ter.a.t.u.r.e. ............... ..». .5.5. .........
4.Why ze.r.o.?. .......................... ..». ..5.6. ................
4·1A.c urimoautsh emaitdiecnal.t .i.t.y. ............. ..». .5.6. ...... DA-WWEAIN G- SewiGnrge enberger-Hsotranwteie-tasZqh eu ialnitnugmer
4·2D.e finiotfai q ouna ntwuamvb eyi tasm plit.u.d.e. ........ .». ..5.7. zipp.e.r . . . ...................................... .». .10.9 . . . . . . . . . . .
5.455C···l312aFHC_..soal smrmaiemiscculsaahlticlaoaoct gnfttnaiauit hi-losicapheoJ n dps tre na eh hooi casaebrnoafim s ly. nb epee .uill .m.t di. .so t..hf.ut..e .dh..l.See..l.c .. .h...r...o...d.w.i..a.n..v.g...e.e... .r.... ........... .....»»»». .. .....5555...8888... ............. .... . 321...IIMmenpctlhreaomnd..eiu..nsc...tmt...a i...to...in...o ...n... ...................................................................»»»......111...110...109... ............................................ ...
6.Quantum conditioSnc hirmopdeliqinuegaset .ri.l o.in.n .e.a.r. ... .». ..6.0
5·1E.m ergeonfac q eu antpuhma .s.e ................. .». ..6.0. ......
P.ROZTOCMK.IK ,U ESC,.R EIMEaRn dR .M ORANDOTQTuIantum
6"2C.o ntineuqiutatywi iotqnhu antcuumr r.e.n.t. ......... ..». .6.1. ..
6"3Q.u antHuamm iltone-qJuaact.oi.bo.in. ............ ..». ..6.2. .... stagteen ervaitfriaeo qnu ecnocmyb. s. ................. .»..1.1.3........
7.Classiccoanldiiittmyip olnnio ens- lwianveeeaq ru at.i.o.n. ....... .». ..6.2 1.Optical quantum .s.t.a.t.e. .p.r.e.p.a.r.a.t.i.o.n.. . .»..1.1.3........
Tl.G enerreaaamllp lit.u.d.e. .................. ..». ..6.3. .........2 .Quantfruemq uecnocmybfr so mb ulks-ebsday st.e.m.s. ........ ..»..1.1.4.
T2.A mplitguidvbeey nV anV elcdke term.i.n.a.n.t. ....... ..». .6.4. .. 3.Integqruaatnetdfru emq uecnocmyb. s. ................. .»..1.1.5.......
T21..S uper-cwlaavses.si. c.a.l. ............... .». ..6.4. ....... 4.Conclu.s.i.o.n. ......................... .......................
» 116
T22..S uper-cwlaavsaesrsiWe cK aBlw ave.s. .......... ..». .6.5. .
8.FromV anV elcvki Rao setnoS chrod.i.n.g.e.r. ........... .». ..6.6. ....
8"1T.h ene efodrl inea.r.i.t.y. .................. .». ..6.6. ........M.A.R LA0N. S CULLDYA,N IEML.G REENBERaGnEdWR O LFGAPN.G
8"2L.i nearidzuateto qi uoann tcuumr r.e.n.t. ............ .». ..6.7. ....
9.Summaarnyod u tl.o.o.k. ...................... .». ..6.8. .......S..C.H.L.E ITCiHm aef tteirm Freo:m E PRt oW ignefrri'esan nddq uantum
AppenAd.iV xa nV elccko ntienquuiatty.i .o.n. ............. ..». .6.9. ..... eras.er. . . . . . . . . .............................»...1..1.9..... . . . . . . . . .
AppAepnApd"eilnxOA.d n" ielx-.D dlei.rm ievcnoaasftcsi. ioeo.on n.nta. il.en .qu.ui.at.ty..i ..o..n.. ............ ...»».. ...77..00 . ...... 21..TIhnetE rionds.ut.ce.ti.in.o--.nRP. oo.sd(.eoE.nlP. sRp.k)r.y o.b.l..e..m.. ..........................»»....11..22..00......... ............
AppeancAdt"ii2.lxo... n .E .x.p.l.ei.xc.pi.rt.e .sfo.sr.id .oe.nn.ssa. in.tdc.y u. r.r.fe.rn..ot. m . ». ..7.1. .........43....OQ.ufW.a i ngtenaurenmasrd Wae ignrndt eh Mfreor' hisre .nhc.doo.sffn. u.n.d..r..u..m.. ........................»»....11..22..38....... .....
AppenAd"i3lx..D ensaintdcy u rrfreonmtc ontienquuiatt.yi. o..n. » 72 5.Summa.r.y. .............................»..1.3.1................. .
AppenAd'i2xM. u lti-dimceans.se.i .o.n.a.l. ........... ..». .7.2. ......
AppenAd"i3xD. i ffereonfat d ieatle rm.i.n.a.n.t. ......... ..». .7.4. ....
AppenBd.iN xo n-liwnaeveaeqr u atfoirWo KnB w av.e. ........... .». ..7.6. .
CHRISHTEORAP .F UCHaSn BdL AKCE.S TCAEY QBisQmu:a nttuhme ory
as ah e'rhsoa ndb.o.o.k. ...................... .»..1.3.3...............
G.L EUC-HWSa vpeh enomaenndwa a veeq uat.i.o.n.s. ....... ..». .8.1. .. 1.Introd.u..ct.io..n. .................. ...................... »..1.3.3 .
l2..2P ·rW1eWa.lat uev.dere..iq ..uu.w.ma.a. tfo.v.ire..wo s..an ..t ..we..ar..v ..e...s... ......•... ....... ...•... ...•... ...•... .·...• .·.. ·. ...•. ..•. . .•»»».·. . .•.•.888 ..415•.. ..•.. ..•.. ...•.. .•. 2345..•.... TTTE .ehh•lx.eeem ea. sepc•.hsaot t.oenrli•o wqniotyo .fB ucna fnn. eaeg o.ln -.tltsc.h'utl.esma.o.o tfa.n.rQei.i.etBl.sn.moie . g., sxs. . mit... sy....tl.... e.... ...............................................................................»»»».... ....1111.. .5554 ..4231....................
C'ONTE:'\TS CONTENTS XI
Hi I 21·. 3T.i nw,a ve-particl.e. .i.1.w.q.1.1.a.l.i..t.,..v . .». .2.--.1.2. ...
(iT.l wq 11a1c1kFt iuHmPt thteic .m.'.l.l.l. ......•.. ........•.. ..•..• .. .))
,. SeeHgkS iCI' sT ill' I3nrnrnl ae sf 1uHia.l.l.l.l.'.l.l.t.a.l. ....»...I. .(.i.(.i . 2·2S.i 1mzltlalulelo'1a1s.s1. i.r.e.m.c.n.t.s. .......... ..)) ..2.--3.1 ........
8.l\lathemiauttilc'nrlTt llHslp'to 'rzaSzdIoiC:.c' . s. ......•.. .•. •...•. ..•» 1.7-) 2·3H_i gherw-aovred-cpra drutail.ci.lt.ey. ............. ..)) ..2.-.1.5.....
9.H ilbertd-is1p1awca1es1a s1 imoi1v1Cn '1rpsa_·\a.c l.i .t........... ..»..1.7.H... 2·J3.,H ighcr-orcler d.i.s.t.i.n.g.u.i.s.h.a.h.i..l .i.»t. y.2 .4.5....
10Q.u antcuoms moflroogtmyh ilH's .i.d.c.'. ...............)) ..U .•J l• .. • • • • •2 '•3 .H2i.g herv-iosnik.hr.i .l.i.t.:.v. ............ .)). .2.--1.6........
11T.l wf utu.r.e. .......................•... ..••. .•. .•. »... l•.! .J•.-- .1.. • 2·3.H3i.g herw-aovred-epra crltuia.cl.li.et. y. ......... .)). ..2.--.1.8.
2·--D1u.a laintdey n tangl.e.m.e.n.t. ............... ....2.-.1.9........
))
3.Entangl.e.m.e.n.t. ..........................2.5.1................ .
))
GIACOl\�1!OA URD0OA RIANOI 11fon11nticolr1ei1,-·toalftwf iorore1ee1t ie 31·. l3 iparetnittaen gl.e.m.e.n.t.. ................ ..». .2.5.1..........
quantfiuemlt dh eyo. r......................•. ... »•. .2.•0. 3............ 3"11..S chmdiedcto mpo.s.i.t.i.o.n. ............ ..)) ..2.52........
1.I ntrod.u.c.t.i.o.n. ..............•. •. .•. .•. ..•. )).• . .2•.0 .--•.1 .• • • • • • ·3 1·. 2T.h ep osiptairvteti raaln scproistee rion ...... .». .2.53........
2.Derivaftriopomr ni ncoiftp hlqeen sa 11tutmh-ewoa.rl.yk. ....... ..)) ..2.0.6 31·._3 Detecetnitnagn glweimttehhn hete lopft hCea uchy-Schwarz
2·1T.h eq uantsuyms tqeumb:fi etr.m oiroh no so.n.?. ......... .)). .2.0.7. ienqua.l.i.t.y. .................... ..)) ..2.5.4. ...........
2·2Q.u antwuaml oknsC aylgerya p.h.s. ...........•.. ... . .)) ..2.0.8... 3·2T.ri paretnittaen gl.e.m.e.n.t. ................)). ..2.5.6. ........ .
22·1..T heh omogepnreiintcy.i .p.l.e. ............. .)) ..2.0.8...... 3·3l\_I ultiepnatratnigtle.e .m.e.n.t. ............... .)). .2.6..0. .......
2·2.T2h.el ocaplriitnyc iple .............. .)). .2.1.0.............34·._ Tshpea tdiiaslt riobfeu nttiaonng l.e.m.e.n.t. ........ ..)) ..2.6.1. ..
2·2.T3h.ei sotprroipnyc .i.p.l.e. ............... .)). .2.1.0........ --1C.o nclu.s.i.o.n. ..........................)) ..2.6.4. ................ .
2·2.T4h.eu nitaprriitnyc. i.p.l.e. .............. ..)) ..2.1.1....... AppenAd.i Pxr ooofef q (.4 9.). .....................». ..2.6.4. ......... .
23·_R estricEtuicolni edtmeoea rng en.t. .s.p.a.c.e. ....... .)). ..2.1.1...
2·13..G eomegtrroituchp e o.r.y. ................ .)). .2.12........
3.Quantwuaml oknsA belgiraonu apnsdf reQeF Ta st herierl asttriievcgi im))e 214 R.l\ IENZCEoLm plemeanntldai rgimhtotyd .e.s. ........... ...2.6.7. ...
))
3·1I.n ducreedp resenatnadrt eidounc,frt oimov ni rtua.lltyo-Abelian
Abelian qua.n.t.u.m. .w.a.l.k.s. ........... ..)) ..2.1.4. .........1 .Introd.u.c.t.i.o.n. ....................... .)). ..2.6.7. ...............
3·2I.s otraonopd ryt hogeomnbaeld diinIRn 3. g. •••.•...•.•..)). ••2•1.4. .. 2.Spontaneous paramet(rSiPcD aCds)ao t won.o-.lc. o.n.v.e..r. s.i)). o.n.2 70
33·_Q uantwuaml wkist Ahb elGi a..n. ................ ..)) ..2.1.--.1. .... 3.Induccoehde rieutn hce3e - crsyesuttp. a .l. .............. .)). ..2.7.1. ....
3·4D_i sperrseiloa.nt. i.o.n. .................... .)) ..2.1.6. .........4...S timulcaotheedr .e.n.c.e. ..................... .». .2.7.4. ............
3·_5 Ther elatirveigsi.tm.ie.c . ..............•. .•. ...» .•.2 .1..6 ...... 5.Complemenitnta hrei tsypd aitmeina.sl.i .o.n. ........... ..)) ..2.7.7. ....
35·_S chrodeiqnugaetfrio torhn ue l tra-rerleagti.im.ve.i .s.t.i.c.. .»..2.1 6 6.Complemenforts airnigtlye ipnhh iogthoenrss- poartdmieoardl e. s. .... .» 279
3·_7 RecovetrhiWene gye !q uat.i.o.n. .............,. ..»..2.1.8....... 7.Conclu.s.i.o.n. ............................2.82. ................. .
))
3·3R_e covetrhDiein rgea qcu at.i.o.n. ............... ..)) ..2.1.9.......
3·8.Dli.s crimibneatbwieqleui1at1ny t wuaml akn dq uantfiueml d
dynam.i.c.s. ..............,. ... .•. .•. .))• . .•2. 2.1•. .•. • • ROBERWT.B OYDQ uantiumma g.i.n.g. ............. ....2.8.5 .......
38·.2!\.l aasnspd r oper.-.t.i.m.e. .............. .)). ..2.2.2....... ))
3·8.P3h.y sidciamle nsainod::n; sc faorlm eassa sn dd iscre.t..e ne»ss2 22 1.vVhiasqt u antiumma gi.n.g.?. ................... .)). ..2.8.5. .........
39·_R ecoveMraixnwgefi lell. d.s. .................. ..)) ..2.23.......... 2.Briheifs toofqr uya ntmuemt hoidnms e tro.l.o.g.y. ......... ..)) ..2.8.6. ..
3·19..P hotmoandsoe fp aiorffs e rmi.o.n.s. ........•. .)). .2.--1.2... 3.Paramedtorwincc onvaenrdts higeoe nn eraotfe inotna npghloetd.o .n.s.. )) 289
3·9.V2a.c uduims pe.r.s.i.o.n. ............... .)). .2.2..5......... 4.Whaitsg host imawghianatgr i eta psnr do per.t.i.e.::;.?. ...... ..)) ..2.9.0.
4.Recovesrpiencrgie alla tiinav d iitsyc qrueatnet um u.n.i.H.'.r.s..e . .)) ..2 G2 5.Interactiimoang-i.fn.rg.e .e. ....................)) ..2.92. ............ .
4·1Q.u antum-Pdoiignicgtararolcau npdt lnwo tioofpn a rt.i.c.l..e... )) 228 6.Imagbiyn!\ gl andienrdsu ccoehde r.e.n.c.e. ............ ..)) ..2D.:.l. .....
42·.D eS itgtreorfu opnr o n-vanmiassh.si. n.g. ........... .)). .2.2.9.... 7.Technolfooqgruy a ntiumma g.i.n.g. ................. ...2.!.H.i. .......
))
5.Concluasnidfo untspu reer spectthiienv teesr:a tchte.io.n.r.gyg. r a\'.i t)) �·2?2 9 8.Summaarnydd i scu.s.s.i.o.n. .................. ....2.!.!.'.1. .........
))
235
S.\ Y6LIn<e walqiunagn tpurmo pewrittishei sm pmlcea :mre.m.e.n.t.))s L.CATANDI.E. . B ROWNaEn dN .D ES IL\S'pAe kkteonmyso ·d ealn d
2l..I\2nY·ta1'rv.Noe ad-v.upde.cau-.trla'p.itcl a.oi.lir.nc.utt. l.ayi.ea.l c. n.iil. .tn...ye...:q.. .u....a...l...i..•.t.. .�....·.. . ..•... ...·•... ..·.••... . .·...•·.• ..·. ·. . · .• . ... .·•. .))))» • ..· •..222 ..·33:• . 853 .· 9•. ......c o1n.Stpeexykat sk·suate aro nmyleo isdtoe.iul.nrq . cu.ea.. n.tc.uo.mm. p.u.t...a..t..i..o..n.. ............ ....»)) ....::.1m..0l..2 .. .. ..........
2"11..D istingub.l.r.n.b.i.l.i.t.y. ........... ..)) ..2.H-.l......... 2.Conxtteua.l.i.t.y. ........................ ..)) ..:.l.(.J. .I. ............
2"1.V2i.s ih.i.l.i.t._.v. .......................... .)). ..2.--.1.0... 3.R estriScl\talis an s gut hh eoorfyQ l\.f. ................. .>.) .:.:.1.1.1.;. ...
CONTENTS CONTENTS
XII XIII
YAEALV NmIi dU LFL EONHARCDaT;; ifmuirrir nes sp heriscyamlmleyt ric 2·22..B loocshc ill.a.t.i.o.n.:-................ .». .;.3.5.�. ........
dielec11t1reidc.i .a. ......................•.. ....•. ... .•. .•.)) . •. .3 •0 9• • 2·2.L3a.1 1da1t1r-nZuesni.et.ri. u.n.s. ............ .)). ..3.(.i.(.). ...
2·_3 i\Iacl1-iZnetheurdfle'frruo grmr ·eiatt,te)lr·l t>HS\.l.r.e.n.i..e. n.t».s. 3ul
2l..TIRhneetns roponhdue.uarp.clira.ticon.izabdL.oal.l i.nt .ef. i.ms.o. th.n.hi. .et..o.z..r. ..y.•.. . ...•... ..•... ...•...• .... •.... ...•.••... . . ·•.••·. . .•.••.· . ·. •..•.· . . »))»••.• .· . . .333•• · 01 1 ••901· ••· ••· ••· ·· · · ·222 "''21·333.. ...SIC ·3enu .tfu -lt.unr.upei.f1 nl. 1tcm.o0pt>t. 1h i.1pau.-ussm..zlhe;..desi. ..1ref...1u t...r ...a...t..i..u..1..1.. .................... ....»»».... ..;.33..3.Gu..(j.32..3. .. ............ .. ..
3.Resu.l.t.s. ....................•..•. .•. •...•• . •. .•.» . •.3 .13. .......
2'3.i\4I.e asuroefgm reanvti taatcicoenlae.lr. a.t.i.o.1.1. ... .». .3.6.--!
3.E quivaplreinnccaein padlt eoi mn terfer.o.m.e.t.r.y. ....... ..». .3.(.i.5. .
·
31.F ramewfoortrke sso tfts h uen iverosffra elfeia t.ly.l . ...........3.u G
DANIl\EILG. R EENBERGTEhRes trarnogleoe fps r opteirma en dm asisn 3·2.S imulta�n'eRaobnu d3s� Ki nterfe.r.o.m.e.t.e.r. .......)). .3.u.9. ..
phys.i.c.s. ........•..•. ... ..•. •. . • • • • • • ·)) ·3 1·5 · · · · ·3· 3·_ D a·t aa·n a l·ay ns·dri es·s . u.l·.t . ·. .·. ..·. .·. .·. .·. ..·. ..·. .·))». .·3. 7.1. .........
1.:t'-.laTshse:r olipet laaynstd,h reo litoe u gthotp la.y. .......•. ... ». .3.1.5 --1A.t o-cmh-ibpasBeEd Ci nterfer.o.m.e.t.r.y. ............ .». .3.7.2. ......
2.Propteirm Teh:er oilept l aayusdt, h reo lieto ugthotp la.y. ...... ..)) ..3 17 --·1'D1e.l tac-oklilcikm .a.t.i.o.u. ................. .». ..3.7.2. .........
3.Thee quivaplreinnccaein ptdlh eee x tended epqruiinvc.ai.lp.el.n.e.c .e. 318 42. Quanttuiml tmbeatseoerndd ouble dBirffargagc. t.i.o.n. .....». .3 75
))
3·1S.t abplaer tiTchleee qsu:i vaplreinncc.ei. p.l.e. .......•. .». ..3.1.8. . 4··12..R abois cill.a.t.i.o.n.s. ..................... .». ..3.7.5. ..
3·2U.n stapbalret iTchleee xst:e nedqeudi vaplreinncc.ei. p.l.e. •. ... ». 321 422..T ilmte asure.m.e.n.t.s. ................». .3.7.6.. .......
·
4.Incorpomraastsi pnargno dpt eirma esd ynamviacraila. b.l.e.s. .... .». ..3 24 43_ Sensiattiovme- gcrhaivpi moenat c eorm pabcats el.i.n.e. ......». .3 77
5.Ane xtenLdoerde tnrtazonr smfatainoSdnc hrodeiqnugaet.ri. o.n.• . ... »• 326 4"13..R elauonfac tho misna r etro-roepflteilccatateltd. i .c.e.. . .» 377
4'32..E xperimseenqtuaeolnft c heae t om-gcrhaivpi m.e.t.e..r. .. 379
»
4'3.A3n.a lyosfti hsien terferooumtept.ue.tr. .......... .». .3.8.1. .
DANIEML.G REENBERGER coSnosmeeq uoefmn acseassn dp ropteirm e 5.O utlo.o.k. .............................». .3.8.3. ................. .
5·1R.e ducseyds temuantciecr taiinfi. uttidueersve i.c.e.s. ...... .». ..3.83
asd ynamical .v.a.r.i.a.b.l.e.s. .....•. ..... ..••.. . •. ..•. .•. » • 3•2 9• • • • •
5·2V.e rlyo nbga sealtionimen terfer.o.m.e.t.r.y. ........ ..». .3.8.5. ...
·
1.TheL oretnrtazn sformaandtt ihGoean l ilteraann sfor.m.a.t.i.o.•n. .».. 329 53_S pa-bcoeranteo imn terfero.m.e.t.e.r.s. ..............3.8.6. .....
· ))
11.T heB argmtahneno rinen mo n-relapthiyvs.ii.sc.ts.i .c. .•..•. ..». 329
·
12 .T hep robwleimtt hh Bea rgmtahneno r.e.m. ......•. ..•.• . •. ».•. 3 13
2.Them ass-ptriompueen rc ertraeilnat.ty.i .o.n. .......•. ... .•.» .•. 3.4•.3 . S.ABENDl\.IG .E RSEJ\IHA.NA NH.L ERl\SI.S. A HELGOJZ.l\I INA.T THIAS.
3.Thec laslsiimcoiafttl h eeq uivaplreinncc.ei. p.l.e. .•. .•. .. • • >•> •3 93• • • • · • • w. w.
N.GROVEH.. H EINEN,.G AALOUL,H ERRC.. S CHUBERT.
3·1.T hes tramnagsess c aliinpn hga sspea .c.e. ...•.. ..•...• . • • •» •3 93• • ·
ERTJ\JEE.Rl\ .I R.A SEl\LI.G. E BBEH,.l\ IuNTINCG.LA A,M MERZAHL.
4.Thed ifferceonrtr espopnrdienncfocirepg lreasva iutdny o n-grfoarvcietsy:
L.TIMMEaNn dJ .l\ IuLLEARt om-cbhaispeq dua ntugmr avimweittrhy
matreilxe meinntt hsce l assic.a.l. .l.i.m.i.t. •. .•. .•. ... · ·• •» •3 •4 1• • • • ·
BEC.s. ................................ ..». .3.93. ...................
1.Introd.u.c.t.i.o.n. ....................... ....3.93. ................
))
S.ABENDl\I.G. E RSEJ\ICA.NS NC,H UBERT, D. SEC.l\H ILR.IA PSPEELR.T, 2.Atom-chipg-rbaavsiempder toetroi tnQy UpAeN TUS.-.1. ....... ....3.9 --!
l\IZ.I MMERMAl\NINA... E FREMOAV.,R OURAF,.A .N ARDUCaCnId 3.Nexgte nerqatuiaonntg urma vimQeGt-efo1rr m obialpep lic.a.t.i..o .n s»)) 395
vVP.. S CHLEIACtHo mi nterferanodmi etatspr pyl ic.a.t.i.o.n.s. .. .»..3 45
1.Introd.u.c.t.i.o.n. .....................•... ..•.. ... .• • • • 3•4 6• • • • • •
· )) D.R ATZEl\LI.W. I LKEaNnSRd . M ENZELG ravitaptrioopneaorlft liiegsh t399
11 .A pplicaotfai tooinmns t erfe.r.o.m.e.t.r.y. ..•. ... .•.• .•. ».• 3•4 6• • ))
·
12 .O ptieclaelm efnoatrts o .m.s. ...........•.. .•.. .•.. •.• •. .»...3.4 7
·
1 3_S ourfocrea st oomp t.i.c.s. ..............•. .••.• . ..» ..3.4.7......
·
2.T14o_oOo lvfas et roivm.ni .te.ew.r .f.e.r.o.m.e.t.r.y•.. ...•... ..••.. .•..• .. •.•. . .•.•. .••. .•·•. .•·»)). .•·. 33 •.4--· .81 •.9• •· •• · ·L· si ·to • f· p· a ·r· t ·i c·i. p.·a. n.·t. s. ...................... .». .4.0.5. .............
2·1B.e asmp liatntmdei rrsr .o.r.s. .......•. .•. .•. •. .•. • »• 3•4 9• • • • • • · ·
2·11..R abois cillaantdti woon-sp hoton. .c.o.u.p.l.i.n..g. .»..3.4.9
·
212..B raagngdR amadni ffra.c.t.i.o.n. ..•.. ..••. .•. .•. •• »• 3•5 2•
21·. 3i\.I ulti-cpohuoptlboiyBnn r ga dgigff ra.c.t.i.o.n. ..•. ....3.53
· ))
214..I nflueonfac teo cml oudb eaansmdi .z.e. ......•. ••.• . .»..3 55
·
22.O ptical. .l.a.t.t.i.c.e.s. ...•. .... •. .•. .•. .•. · • »• ·3 5•7 • • • • · • · · · ·
·
221..B lotchhe o.r.em.. ............•.. ....•.. . •. .••. .• »• 3•5 7• •
Preface
TheI nternniSicohnooaofPll hs ic·sE 11Freirr.o·mo int· hFeo u11doafQt uiaonntsu m
y
Theowrayos r ganbi>tz·he Iedt alPiha_nv SsoicciaielnVt li>ll\'aI onasVtaerreomI.it. aaY.l.
duriJnugl8 _-v12 30.1i 6nc ollaborwaittithoh nWe i lhuenldm HEelsrea eus-ISnt ift:ung.
thger etarta diotfti hoFene rmSic hotohlmesa igno awla tso p rovaindo ev ervoife w
three cetnhte oreatniedcx aple ridmeevnetlaolp omfae nan cttsfii evleoc frl e seairnc h.
Thee lectvreornsoiifcvo onl ufmreos1m 2 t4o 1 9i8sa vailoanbllaietnt eh IeO SP ress
thicsa steh foeu ndatoifqo unasn tmuemc hanTihcets i.m iinseg s pecaipaplrloyp riate
websi te
considtehfreai tcnhtgat thl ea s··tE nrFiecromS in·m·m Secrh ooontl h tiosp tiocop kl ace
http://ebooks.iospress.endli/nbgoso-kosfe-rtihees-/ipnrtoecrenatioinn1a 9l7 7.
-school-of-physics-enrico-fermi Quantmuemc hainsci hca::;r actbeyar d iizcehdo otfou mnyp araalglreeleebmdee ­nt
twetehne oarneydx pertio mnte honen hea nd. eannodr mavonau rsio efit nyt erpretations
oft huen derlmyaitnhge maftoircmaaloln it shomet h.eD ravl\iIde n1n)pi rno(poased
Fgiurweistc ho losuoru rficlewe lsial p peiancr o loiunt rho en lvieures. ion verpyr agmaaptpircot aotc hhsi ist ua"tSihouunpta: n cda lc..u! late
Howevterri.g gbeytr hereda paiddv aonfec xerp iemetnetcahln iinqq uueasn toupm­
ticasnt.dh dee velooptfmh efiene tlo dfq uanttuemc hnwohliotcgahyk aec:;l n-omftt haeg e
correloafet nitoannqsgu laendts uyms ttehmqesu .e sotftih oienn terproefqtu aatnitounm
SIl\FI embaergrcrs a nftreaedce c teost sh evsoel uamte s
mechahnairsce sc eangtalriyen c eail voeotdfa ttention.t hol\elI cdoo rneuonvderru.m
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oft hpeh ysriecaalloi ftt hywe m ·feu nchtainsoo n\b \e·et ne stbeyed x periumseinntgs
sinpghloet ons.
Thetsweeo x ampalreoC:;n' lt yos eravsae n i llustorfta htiaisco tnfii evleId n.d eed.
Foarc omplleiotsfept u blicsohuer::;d:;e ee::;
thteo piccl:;i scauto::; us::;rec dh oionlc lubdue\tdY enroelt i mittote hdhe i staonrdy
https://en.sif.it/books/series/rendiconti_fermi
intetraptrioeofqn usa nttuhme otrhype.r incoifcp olmep lemeanutmdan r-iet->p·a rticle
dualqiutayn.tt uhme ofrryof mi prrsitn ctihprele ea:;lo.ift t hwyea vfeu ncttihcoeon n.c ept
oft hpeh otmoena.s ureimnqc uuatu ttnhme otrhyie.n teroffqa ucaen ttuhme oarn:d\ "
generrealla taimvq!iu tayn.t um toepsottfqi::; nc aault tmhue ory.
Thep resYeonltu smmen martihzlece sc ture::; aptor ueSr::;c chnowtohlli' wccahla::; t ­
tendbeymd o rteh a8n0p articiiupcalnnstdt::;iu udgel netcst.ma eur:ds: ;csmpieuaakrC' rn
froamlO l\ 'tChrwe o rlAdl.rl m mg:; cieuptrics:t;se utrce'::;de airuttd hwteop i ors tc•r
1
()S efeo erx ampNl.eD :.!\ IPrmIihVna.tu ·•s1 mw1i_qtt hh piisl lPnhus•i?rT..n sr l412(1 -yl.)
y
(198)H9 .I ti si nterPtshtatithn i(gsJ IiIsoO ftt<ae'tn t ribtouR tiecdh Pa.rF de �·1l1m1\\"t1P 1 an
recommNe.Dn .d!\ lermCionu.Fl edy mnrrn rihrt1lh1 i1Ps1h'!cy. s sT-irord·a5sy7 (. 5 ()2 00l-ll)l .
XVI i'HL-:F',I\·<: PHEF,'lEl XVII
sesswihoi1Wc1<hs<:' e'ra cihn trocblyan · c·epdo stesre-sfsl\iaYoaseurh .ml" o' s gtr ntd'11! quantmuemc haaumit!c hse pnr oviadnie 1:,1 troicultQ1oB1 ic:-t1.i1mto1.h1 s e1a m:-;ep irit
toE nruphLyestitfocerssr usp porapt riinfozgret hbee spto stDeernsn.Ri isi t(ziFerls t Giaco:t\mIoa uDr"oA ridme1r0ifr voemPs l emPnptrairnyco ifip nlfoersm atthieoofnrr ye e
PrizYea)eA.lv n(iS ecPornidza en)Dd.a -W\eYia (nTgh iPrrdi tzoCg'e)wt ihtethrhw Ci'n ­ quantfuime ld theorie:-;.
nerosft hFeo mtPhr iSzvee Anb enLdo.r eCnaztoa annidP ioRtorz toweekriien vited AcrofsrsoV ma reantut ah\ e'e\ :;etn oclf L akCeo miost h pel awchee Nriee Bloshi rn
tos mnmatrihzeceio rn tribiuntt hivioosnl su me. 192i7n trotdhupecr eidn coifc polmep lemesnttiamruibltyHay et iesde nubnecregr"tsa inty
TheP roceeodfti h.Ienn gtse rnatS-iocnhaoolofP l h ys-i-cEsn Freircmooin t· h·Fe o u11- relatSiaobni\.nV eo ilnlk u l.e•crt nuorteee msp lsoiym:,p mleea sureomneq nutasn tum
datioofQn nsa ntT'hlelosmrt yafr rotma h istopreircsaple ctt'\\oic voen tbryi bbuy tions systteomc so mpcaormep lemeanntedan rtiatnyg lbeomtoehfwn hti hcahv teh erioro ts
NancTyh ornGdriekeen dsepsacnr tihbleii nafgne dt h sec ieonf:t\c IeaI3 xo rnb asoend inn on-commoupteirnagt ors.
hebro oekn tiTthleEe nddo ft hCe.e rtWao·rilnd . Thfiee lodfe xperimentaolp thqiaucosasp n etnnueemdaw v entuoewsa tredsostft s h e
Int hsep rionf1g 9 2\5V erHneeirs enberg fhraodG mo ets.ctatiponte ghdiee sn l and foundatoifqo unasn tmuemc hanHiecrtseh. pe r ocoefss pso ntapnaeroaumsed torwinc
oHfe lgotloac nudrh eih sa feyv eIrtw. a tsh etrheah ted iscoqvuearnetdmu emc hanics. conve(rSsPiDopCnl) a ayc se ntrroalleh aacsnr de aatnae vda laonfac phpel icRaatlifo ns.
Considtehrreia ndgic chaaln ignet shp er inciitip snl oestsu rprtihsahitins sge minal i\Ieniznhe ills e ctures tehmrepo holafets himezo edsfe u ucotfit ohenel ectromagnetic
artiicnZl eei tsfciihPrrh iyftsi ishk a rtdor ead:t\.I anfKrleedbi enhr i cso ntribution fiealstd h cea rroifte hrpe h otaonndr, e viheiwessx periomnes nttism ucloahteerde nce
summariinazp erse gnwaantyth u en derildyeioanfsgH eisetnrbaenrsgfi·rtsoBi moo rnn ·s ancdo mplemye.n tarit
AtommechtaoMn aitkr izenmechanik. Quantiumma giisan ngo tphreord oufSc PtD CI.nh ilse ctRuorbeeW r.tB oysdu m­
Althoquugahn tmuemc haonriicgsi sntaalrlftyre omdma trmiexc hantiocdswa.ey maritzheiassc tfiievlebd yg ivitnhgre exea mpglheosis:mt a giinmga.g biansgoe nd
almoasltw aeymsp ltohyfoe r mulaptiioonneb eyEr rewdSi cnh rodbiansgoeendar t ime­ interaction-freaen idmm eaagsbiuanrsgoee nmdM e anntdsei rnsd uccoehde rence.
depenwdaevnfetu nctTihoehn i.s taonrdty h dee rivoaftt hiSeoc nh rodeiqnugaetri on Ther ealoiftt hywe a vfeu nctiisao non f ten dqeubeasttSeiodof nai.rth as been
consttihtteuo tpeoi ftc h lee ctbuyr eWso lfgSacnhgl eHiPic.smh a.i tnh emiest he parotfm orpeh ilosophica•Hl o wdeivsSecPruD.sCh sas imoonvset.dh is realm from
linearoiftz haneto inolniw naeveaeqr u atoifso tna timsetcihcaanli cs. Gedanekxepne ritmore enatolsn esT.h el ectbuyrA ensd rew \i\Thite addressed these
GerLde ucihnhs i cso ntricboumtpiloenmt ehpnert esv imoourmsea themaatpi­cal issuUensf.o rtudnuaett oet liymc,eo nstrhaewi ansnt osat b lteop rovuisdw ei tah
proatcohw atrhdSesc hrodwianvgeeeq ru atbiyao m no rien tuiotnei.v eem Hpel ao ys papeLri.k ewAiespeh rSatiemi ncboeurnlgod ct o ntriFbourtteu.n tahtneeo ltybe.ys
combinoaftt hiaeon na lboegtyw meaetnt aenrwd a twearv easn,dd i sperresliaotni ons. LoreCnaztoae ntai la .d drseosmases peocftt hseq suee stIinpo anrst.i tchueldyai rs.c u;s
In1 93S5c hrodiidnegneterin fiteadn glae:;tm hteern atd eomfqa urakn tmuemc hanics. coutextausaa r leistoyiu nrq cuea ntcuomm putation.
Indeietid sa.t t hvee rhye arBte loilfn' esq uaalnimdta inaeyls i feena toufqr ueasn tum Wer ectahlaqltu antmuemc haonriicgsi fnraottmeh aden aloyfsb ilsa ckrbaoddiya ­
theocrabyue t rabcaecdt koi tE.d waFrrdiy nh ilse ctsuurmemsa riinaz nie msp ressive tioInnc. o nttroac sotn venwtiisodn:t\oaImlaP xl andciknd o qtu anttihlzeie g ihntt h e
wayt heea rhliys tooftr hyifi se ledm phastihzieim npgo rrtoaloneftG reHteer mann. resonbautttoh mree chanoisccaill ltahtweoa rlsQl usia.nn teilzeecdt rodhyantdao m ics
Alreian1d 9y3 s5h dei scotvheflera ewid nv aNne umanpnr'otsoh fai tti ism postsoi ble waittit lhlDe re i-Manneorf- ABrHobernei,ist ee rnagbn Pda scJaolr dTahne.ry e derived
complqeutaen tmuemc hanDia\c-is\T\.eV iaen xgt etnhdests weo -pacrotniscildeesr ationst hree soufAl ltb eEritn sctoenicne trhnfleiu ncgt uaotfti horena sd iafiteiliodntn h teh er­
tot hrpeaer tiacnlpder so poasn eesww ayt og enermaetseo scGorpeiecn berger-Hornmea­ls taftreoa mfi eltdh eoraeptpircoaTalhc ehC .a siemffierct th.ait st haet traction
ZeilisntgaetIrent s hs.ea msep iPriioRtto rz toecmkpili onhy iscs o ntribution a freqoufe nutcnwyco h acrogneddu cptliantigesa s n.o tchoenrs eqoufte hnecflseue c tuaYtaieoln s.
comtboc resactael qaubalnets utma tes. Avniinh ecro ntrisbuumtmiaornhi ezrree sc ewnotrw ki tUhl Lfe onhoanrC dats imir
Thel ecturMeasr i0ba.ySn c ulillyl umtihnpear toeb olfet mi mient hper ocoefs s forcienss p hersiycmamleldtyir eilce mcetdriiac.
aq uantmuema sure\mi\Tehnaetnn.hd o wd oetsho eb secrhvaenrog rre e dutchseet ate Thet heoorfsi peesc ainadgl e nerreallay tt iovgiettheqru awnitmtuehmc haanriec s
vectTohrr?fe ree queemnptlloysy ceedn ariosh oiw'l ·lbuesafotnrrde"a "at feta errg"u ­ rightcfounlsliytd hemera ejdro erv oluitnpi hoynsosif tc hs2e 0 tche ntuDreys.pt ihtee
menctsab ne m isleaTdhieEn ign:s tein-Podsoiltsukayt-iRoonfrs,ie en\an i\Tndid g ner·s factth batyn owt heayra el mo1s0yt0e aorlsgd e.n errealla tainvqdiu tayn tmuemc hanics
thqeu anteurma ser. havneo bte eunn ifiyeedtT .h el ectoufDr aensi :t\eIGl.r eenbperrogveiirnd seii gnhtto
JohAnr chiWbhaeledl( e1r9 11-i2nh0 i0ss8e )m ianratliI ctfl reob mi hta vsi vidly three asfootnrhs re e sisatnaidnd ceen tthiseft yr arnogloeefp s r opteirma en mda sHse.
argutehdaq tu anttuhme oirsiy n formtahteiooIrnnyt .h iwsa yh ec abne c onsidered also discusses consecqounesnicdteehsre aimosdn r ygin gaimnviaactraiilna gb lferso.m
thfea tohfeq ru antiunmf ormHaeto ifotsnet.na ttehdai tts houblepd o sstiobd leer ive Thefi elodfa toomp tiiscp se rfescutilttyeop d r otbheii sn teroffqa ucaen tmuem­
quantmuemc hafrnoimic nsf ormtahtei.oCo rhnyr i:;tAo.Fp uhcehhras fs o lltohwpieasdt h chanaincds gerneelraatlOi nvt ihtoeyn .he a nwde n steh wea vnea tuorfae t omfso r
anhda psr opotshneeed w i nterproefqt uaatnitmouenmc hanQiuca:;n,tB uamy esianism interfeornot mheoett rhhyea,rn ddu teo t hemiarst sh aet omfseg erla .v Eirtnyl\sIt.
(QBi:;Imn)h .i l:e-;c thuerfi ersss tu mmartihzmeeo ssp tr ominienntte rproeft ationsR asienh! i lse ctpurroevsai ndi enst rodiuncatttoio iomnn t erfedriosmceuatqs rusyae.ns -
XVIII PRt::FACE
tumt eosftt heeq uivaplreinnccaein pgdli eva enos u tltooeo xkp eriimnse pnatcTseh .e
contriobfuS tvieAonbn e nedta le.x paonndt sh itsh emaen dd iscuasn seewas v enue
basoenda na tom-gcrhaivpi meter.
Sinlciegr hetp reesneenritgmtsyu satl gsroa viAtlarteeia.n1d 9y3 R1i chTaolrmda n
togetwhietPrha uElh renafensBdto ris Psohdoowlteshdkaa ytp enocfil li glhetat dos
ac urvature oTfh ecs opnatcreitbbiyuDm teein.on Rnia st zeetal. ls ummargirzaev­si ta
tiopnraolp eorflt iigehst .
Noitn cliundt ehdvi osl uamrete w oot hheirg hloifog uhsrtc sh oNoaln.cT yh orndike
Greenhsapddai ns coavm eorvetidae k beynt hNeo bPerli wzien ner LaInrgvmiauntig r
the Solvaoyf1 9M2eI7etw.t a iisnm gp retsoss ietvehe fae m ouqsu antpuhmy siocfi sts
thtei m"eia nc tion"t hrasanit thtaeirrno gua nt da ble. Mooursrhec oooevlne drwe.id t h
thpel ayoiftn hgMe o zaprita cnoon certoK VA4 -8mr8ae jcoorr ded1 9a6br5yot uhned
BavarRiaadnSi yom phoOrncyh eusntdrteahr ce o nduRcutdoorAl lfb eTrhtes. o loist
waWse rnHeeri senWbeeo rwget.dh pilse atsoul'\ rIea nfrKelde bwehroh afdo utnhdi s
treasMuarnety.h anMkasn,fr efdos,rh ariitwn igtu hs !
Alalc tivwietriiene ssp irtehbder ebayt hbteaakuoitfnLy ga kCeo mot,hV ei lMloan as­
teraoni dt gsa rdaennbdsy, t hrei hcehr itatghEeen rbiyc o IFnetremrnait Sicohnoaoll
ofP hysiTchses. u ccoefts hsse c homoela subryet dhe ex ceptionallyo fl arge number
interabcettiwotenhespen a rticainpdta hneetx st relmievldeyil syc usdsuiroiannnsgd,
immediately aifntt hepera rtakhn edo ns teavleekrxsac,lu rsiisao lnsdsou, et ot he
excelolregnatn izaantadid omnianli ssturpaptpoirrvotev ibdyte hdse t aoffft hIet alian
PhysiScoiacelt y.a raeWl esm oo sgtr atteoft uhWeli lhuenlEdml sHee raeus-Stiftung
fori tgse nermoounse tsaurpyp ort.
E.l'\lR.A SEWL.,P .S CHLEaInCdSH . W OLK