Foundations of Dental Technology: Anatomy and Physiology

401 Pages·2014·26.07 MB·English

DENTAL
Foundations of
TECHNOLOGY
Anatomy and Physiology
Arnold Hohmann
Werner Hielscher
Foundations of Dental Technology: Anatomy and Physiology

Foundations of
Dental Technology
Anatomy and Physiology
Arnold Hohmann
Retired Instructor of Dental Technology
Carl-Severing Vocational College
Bielefeld, Germany
Werner Hielscher
Medical Illustrator
Bad Salzufl en, Germany
Former Head of Design Department
Carl-Severing Vocational College
Bielefeld, Germany
Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc
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This book was originally published in German under the title Lehrbuch der Zahntechnik,
Band 1: Anatomie, Kieferorthopädie.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hohmann, Arnold, author.
[Lehrbuch der Zahntechnik. Band 1, Anatomie, Kieferorthopädie. English]
Foundations of dental technology. Anatomy and physiology / Arnold Hohmann and Werner Hielscher.
p. ; cm.
Anatomy and physiology
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-86715-611-9 (softcover)
I. Hielscher, Werner, author. II. Title. III. Title: Anatomy and physiology.
[DNLM: 1. Stomatognathic System--anatomy & histology. 2. Orthopedic Procedures. 3. Technology,
Dental. WU 101]
QP146
612.3’1--dc23
2014017755
5 4 3 2 1
© 2014 Quintessence Publishing Co Inc
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Editor: Leah Huffman
Design: Ted Pereda
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Printed in the USA
Contents
Introduction vi
1
Fundamental Concepts of Dental Technology 1
2
Cells and Tissues 25
3
Dental Tissues 41
4
Morphology of Teeth 71
5
Morphology of the Dentition 115
6 Cranial Anatomy 151
7
Physiology of Mandibular Movement 201
8
Articulators 245
9
Pathology of the Orofacial System 275
10
Orthodontics 295
11
Splint Therapy 357
Index 381
Introduction
Trainee dental technicians are introduced to working in a health care profession by be-
ing taught the nomenclature of dentistry and dental technology and being given wide-
ranging basic medical knowledge. However, students often have diffi culty relating this
basic knowledge to the job-specifi c tasks in dental technology. An understanding of the
functional interrelationships of anatomical form not only makes it easier but actually
makes it possible to comprehend the whole purpose of dental technology work. There-
fore, this book focuses on the relationship between anatomical form and function in
dental technology, providing the high-level technical knowledge necessary to develop
profession-specifi c competence and innovation in dental technology.
The close cooperative relationship between dentist and dental technician is a proc-
ess of doing preparatory work for each other in a series of established working steps.
Depending on the particular nature of the prosthetic replacement, these steps can vary
in their internal structure, but they nevertheless refl ect the principle of providing a spe-
cifi c medical service and division of work. Only when dental technicians understand
how to relate form to function can they succeed in providing excellent restorations and
laboratory work to their collaborating dentists.
vi
Fundamental
Concepts of
Dental Technology
Specialization
The purpose of any professional training is to become fully capable of performing a
specifi c job. Successful specialists should be able to undertake professional tasks, per-
fect and appraise their work, and also show a willingness to be innovative and open to
alternative solutions while refl ecting on their own work. Sound technical skills are also
necessary, and these skills rely on in-depth technical expertise as well as craftsmanship.
For dental technicians, the goals of specialist training are the following:
• To acquire a detailed understanding of:
– The anatomical principles of the masticatory system
– The physiologic effects of the materials used for dental prostheses
– The esthetic principles of oral rehabilitation
• To acquire practical knowledge regarding the interdependence of the form and the
function of tissues, organs, and organ systems
• To work out criteria and construction conditions for producing dentures
1
Fundamental Concepts of Dental Technology
Form and Function While medical practitioners draw on their ex-
periences of anatomy, physiology, and pathology
in their daily practice of treating patients, dental
Skilled dental technicians should have a funda- technicians do not interact with patients directly
mental medical knowledge, which will enable but rather base their restorations on physical
them to produce functional dental prostheses. In reproductions (models) of the patients’ teeth.
dentistry, prosthetic work is objectively assessed Therefore, a sound knowledge of anatomy, physi-
using criteria based on the form and function of ology, and pathology is essential for any dental
anatomical tissue structures. Anatomy is there- technician. The goal of any artificial replacement,
fore a primary discipline for dental technicians. whether it be for the teeth, parts of the alveolar
Anatomy is the study of the structure and form ridge, or mucous membrane, is to integrate this
of the human body as well as animal and plant prosthesis with the living structures; not only is
bodies (Fig 1-1). The word anatomy is derived the form being replaced, but function is also be-
from Greek and means “to dissect or dismem- ing restored. In other words, the dental prosthesis
ber.” When the human body is dissected and ex- should not only replace the tissue but should also
amined, the position, shape, and composition of function in the same way as the original tissue.
the organs and organ systems can be defined.
Macroscopic anatomy involves describing the Law of form and function
form and structure of what is visible to the naked
eye; microscopic anatomy, on the other hand, There is a close link between the unique form of a
involves examination of the structure of organs tissue (eg, of teeth) and the function it is intended
and tissues that can only be seen under the mi- to carry out. This relationship has led to the estab-
croscope. Focus directed specifically to the posi- lishment of the law of form and function, which
tions of the organs and the relations of the organs states that a tissue developed for a specific pur-
and tissues to each other is known as topographi- pose takes on a specific form for that purpose.
cal anatomy (ie, describing position). However, This law also states that when the function of the
focus directed to the tissues themselves and their tissue changes, its form alters to the same extent
constituents is known as histology (ie, the study and vice versa.
of tissues). Cytology (ie, the study of cells) is a Disuse atrophy is a particular aspect of the law
specific branch of histology. of form and function, and it may explain the as-
The study of form and organization (ie, the sociation between the form and the function of a
study of interactions), mutual influences, and in- tissue. If a leg is immobilized in a plaster cast after
terdependence of organs and organ systems is a fracture, the muscles begin to waste away and
carried out using techniques that involve study- weaken because they are not being used; their
ing the processes of life; this discipline is known form or shape therefore changes. However, this
as physiology. All normal processes in the human process is reversible. If the leg is used again af-
body and any normal demands on organs and tis- ter the fracture has healed, the muscles return to
sues are therefore considered physiologic. For ex- their original form. Atrophy is the wasting away
ample, chewing hard foods, which puts strain on of tissue caused by lack of nutrition, while disuse
the teeth because they are embedded in the jaw, atrophy is specifically a shrinking of tissue caused
is a physiologic process (and a physiologic stress) by reduced blood flow when there is a lack of use.
because the tissues involved were created for this Once this association between form and func-
very purpose and designed to withstand this type tion is established, it becomes clear that a den-
of strain. Meanwhile, the discipline of pathology ture, like any other component in the body, must
focuses on the abnormal changes in the body as have the correct anatomical form in order to func-
well as the causes of diseases and their courses; tion reliably. An artificial prosthesis that does not
changes due to disease are therefore known as have the correct form cannot fulfill the original
pathologic disorders. function of the tissue.
2
Structure of the Human Body
Anatomy
Zootomy Phytotomy
(Animal anatomy) (Plant anatomy)
Anthropotomy
(Human anatomy)
Macroscopic anatomy Microscopic anatomy
Comparative anatomy Systematic anatomy Histology Cytology Histo-
chemistry
Descriptive Ontogeny Topography Practical Study of Study of Tissue
anatomy anatomy tissues cells chemistry
Establishing Describing Describing Making a Microscopic Analysis of the Analysis of
relationships, the history of the spatial diagnosis, examination basic elements molecular
change in the individual arrangement arranging the of the of living structure, the
function, and development of the organs treatment; constituents bodies, organs, chemical
differences of the fertilized in relation to investigative, of tissues and organelles composition of
in organs and egg cell each other; analytical, of cells cells, and their
organ systems through to descriptive, applied metabolism;
death; analytical, in anatomy biochemistry
ontogenesis terms of organ
systems
Fig 1-1 Subdivisions of anatomy.
Structure of the Human is known as the back (dorsum). The upper region
of the trunk, the chest (thorax), is formed from the
Body
bony rib cage, which protects the lungs. The chest
cavity (cavitas thoracis) is separated from the
abdominal cavity below by the diaphragm. The
The human body can be divided into two por- abdomen describes the area between the thorax
tions: (1) the trunk, head, and neck and (2) the ex- and the pelvis, its bony structure being formed
tremities (Fig 1-2). by the lumbar spine. The abdominal cavity (cavi-
tas abdominalis) contains the abdominal viscera,
Trunk, head, and neck which are bordered by the peritoneum. The lower
part of the trunk, the pelvis, contains the pelvic
The trunk (truncus) comprises the chest, abdo- organs and connects the trunk to the lower ex-
men, and pelvis. The posterior region of the trunk tremities.
3