Foundations of computer science PDF
Preview Foundations of computer science
FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Behrouz Forouzan FOURTH EDITION Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 ISBN-13-97814737510400 ©2017 Text & Cover printer: ??? Binding: PB Trim: 189mm x 246mm CMYK FOUNDATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE 4TH EDITION BEHROUZ FOROUZAN Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Foundations of Computer Science, © 2018, Cengage Learning EMEA 4th Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by Behrouz Forouzan the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the Publisher: Annabel Ainscow copyright owner. List Manager: Jennifer Grene Marketing Manager: Anna Reading For product information and technology assistance, contact us at [email protected]. Content Project Manager: Phillipa Davidson-Blake For permission to use material from this text or product, and for permission queries, Manufacturing Buyer: Eyvett Davis email [email protected]. Typesetter: SPi Global British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Cover Designer: Cyan Design A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover Image: © Evgeny Turaev/ ISBN: 978-1-4737-5104-0 Shutterstock Cengage Learning EMEA Cheriton House, North Way, Andover, Hampshire, SP10 5BE United Kingdom Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at: www.cengage.co.uk Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.co.uk Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Printed in China by RR Donnelley Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. To Ryan, Justin, William, and Benjamin Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents Preface xi Trademarks xvii 1 Introduction 1 Turing Model 2 Von Neumann Model 4 Computer Components 6 History 9 Computer Science as a Discipline 11 Outline of the Course 12 End-Chapter Materials 13 Practice Set 14 2 Number Systems 15 Introduction 16 Positional Number Systems 16 Nonpositional Number Systems 31 End-Chapter Materials 32 Practice Set 34 3 Data Storage 39 Data Types 40 Storing Numbers 42 Storing Text 60 Storing Audio 61 Storing Images 63 Storing Video 65 End-Chapter Materials 66 Practice Set 68 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi Contents 4 Operations on Data 73 Logic Operations 74 Shift Operations 79 Arithmetic Operations 82 End-Chapter Materials 86 Practice Set 87 5 Computer Organization 91 Introduction 92 Central Processing Unit 92 Main Memory 94 Input/Output Subsystem 97 Subsystem Interconnection 104 Program Execution 109 Different Architectures 113 A Simple Computer 117 End-Chapter Materials 126 Practice Set 130 6 Computer Networks and Internet 133 Overview 134 Application Layer 143 Transport Layer 156 Network Layer 159 Data-Link Layer 166 Physical Layer 174 Transmission Media 177 End-Chapter Materials 180 Practice Set 183 7 Operating Systems 187 Introduction 188 Evolution 189 Components 191 A Survey of Operating Systems 203 End-Chapter Materials 207 Practice Set 209 8 Algorithms 213 Concept 214 Three Constructs 218 Algorithm Representation 219 A More Formal Definition 223 Basic Algorithms 224 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents vii Subalgorithms 233 Recursion 234 End-Chapter Materials 236 Practice Set 238 9 Programming Languages 243 Evolution 244 Translation 246 Programming Paradigms 248 Common Concepts 257 End-Chapter Materials 267 Practice Set 269 10 Software Engineering 273 The Software Lifecycle 274 Analysis Phase 276 Design Phase 279 Implementation Phase 280 Testing Phase 283 Documentation 285 End-Chapter Materials 286 Practice Set 288 11 Data Structure 291 Arrays 292 Records 298 Linked Lists 301 End-Chapter Materials 314 Practice Set 315 12 Abstract Data Types 317 Background 318 Stacks 320 Queues 326 General Linear Lists 331 Trees 337 Graphs 343 End-Chapter Materials 344 Practice Set 346 13 File Structure 349 Introduction 350 Sequential Files 350 Indexed Files 354 Hashed Files 355 Directories 360 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Contents Text versus Binary 362 End-Chapter Materials 363 Practice Set 364 14 Databases 369 Introduction 370 Database Architecture 372 Database Models 373 The Relational Database Model 374 Database Design 381 Other Database Models 385 End-Chapter Materials 386 Practice Set 388 15 Data Compression 391 Introduction 392 Lossless Compression Methods 392 Lossy Compression Methods 400 End-Chapter Materials 406 Practice Set 407 16 Security 411 Introduction 412 Confidentiality 415 Other Aspects of Security 428 Firewalls 442 End-Chapter Materials 445 Practice Set 447 17 Theory of Computation 451 Simple Language 452 The Turing Machine 456 Gödel Numbers 463 The Halting Problem 464 The Complexity of Problems 467 End-Chapter Materials 469 Practice Set 470 18 Artificial Intelligence 473 Introduction 474 Knowledge Representation 475 Expert Systems 485 Perception 487 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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