Foundations of College Chemistry

587 Pages·2015·261.24 MB·English

by  Morris Hein

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Periodic Table of the Elements
Main groups Main groups
l a 18
!Ab SA
I 2
H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
H1.y0d0ro7g9e4n 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.0H0el2iu6m0 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N 0 F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.941 9.012182 Transition metals 10.811 12.0107 14.00674 15.9994 18.998403 20.1797
I I 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
I I
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si p s Cl Ar
22S.9o8di9u7m7 0 M2a4g.n3e0si5u0m 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B r-- 8 B ~ 1B 28 2A6.l9um8 iIn u5m38 28Si.l0ic8o5n 5 3P0h.o9s7ph3o7r6u2s 3S2u.l0fu6r6 3C5h.l4o5rin2e7 3A9r.g9o4n8
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.0983 40.078 44.95591 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938049 55.845 58. 933200 58.6934 63.546 65.39 69. 723 72.61 74.92160 78.96 79.904 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Sih-er Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.94 [98] 101.07 102.90550 I 06.42 I 07.8682 112.411 114.818 118. 710 121. 760 127.60 126.90447 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba *La Hf Ta w Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium 'l"a.ntalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.90545 137.327 138.9055 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.078 196.96655 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.98038 [209] [210] [222]
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra tAc Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roenlgenium Copernicum F'lero\'ium Li1·ermorium
[223] 226.025 227.028 [261] [262] [266] [267] [269] [268] [281] [272]
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
*Lanthanide series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Cerium PraseodJ·n1ium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium D~·sprosium Holmium Erhium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.116 140.90765 144.24 [145] 150.36 151.964 I 57.25 158.92534 162.50 l 64.93032 167.26 168.93421 173.04 174.967
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa u Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
tActinide series
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plulonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendele\·ium Nobelium Lawrencium
232.0381 23103588 238.0289 237.048 [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259] [262]
Atomic masses in brackets are the masses of the longest-lived or most important isotope of certain radioactive elements.
3The labels on top (I, 2, 3 ... 18) are the group numbers recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
bThe labels on the bottom (lA, 2A, ... SA) are the group numbers commonly used in the United States and the ones we use in this text.
c The names and symbols of elements 113 and above have not been assigned.
d Discovered in 2010, element 117 is under review by IUPAC.
Further information is available at the Web site of WebElements TM.
. Atomic Masses of the Elements .
I -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Based on the 2005 IUPAC Table of Atomic Masses :
: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:
Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass
Actinium* Ac 89 227 Manganese Mn 25 54.938049
Aluminum Al 13 26.981538 Meitnerium* Mt 109 268
Americium* Am 95 243 Mendelevium* Md IOI 258
Antimony Sb 51 121.760 Mercury Hg 80 200.59
Argon Ar 18 39.948 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Arsenic As 33 74.92160 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24
Astatine* At 85 210 Neon Ne IO 20.1797
Barium Ba 56 137.327 Neptunium* Np 93 237
Berkelium* Bk 97 247 Nickel Ni 28 58.6934
Beryllium Be 4 9.012182 Niobium Nb 41 92.90638
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98038 Nitrogen N 7 14.00674
Bohrium* Bh 107 264 Nobelium* No 102 259
Boron B 5 10.811 Osmium Os 76 190.23
Bromine Br 35 79.904 Oxygen 0 8 15.9994
Cadmium Cd 48 112.411 Palladium Pd 46 106.42
Calcium Ca 20 40.078 Phosphorus p 15 30.973762
Californium* Cf 98 251 Platinum Pt 78 195.078
Carbon C 6 12.0107 Plutonium* Pu 94 244
Cerium Ce 58 140.116 Polonium* Po 84 209
Cesium Cs 55 132.90545 Potassium K 19 39.0983
Chlorine Cl 17 35.4527 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.90765
Chromium Cr 24 51.9961 Promethium* Pm 61 145
Cobalt Co 27 58.933200 Protactinium Pa 91 231.03588
Copernicium Cn 112 Radium* Ra 88 226
Copper Cu 29 63.546 Radon* Rn 86 222
Curium* Cm 96 247 Rhenium Re 75 186.207
Rhodium Rh 45 102.90550
Darmstadtium* Ds 110 271
Roentgenium* Rg Ill 272
Dubnium* Db 105 262
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.500 Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07
Einsteinium* Es 99 252
Erbium Er 68 167.26 Rutherfordium* Rf 104 261
Samarium Sm 62 150.36
Europium Eu 63 151.964
Scandium Sc 21 44.955910
Fermium* Fm 100 257
Seaborgium* Sg 106 266
Flerovium Fl 114
Selenium Se 34 78.96
Fluorine F 9 18.9984032
Silicon Si 14 28.0855
Francium* Fr 87 233
Silver Ag 47 107.8682
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25
Sodium Na 11 22.989770
Gallium Ga 31 69.723
Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Germanium Ge 32 72.61
Sulfur s 16 32.066
Gold Au 79 196.96655
Tantalum Ta 73 180.9479
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49
Technetium* Tc 43 98
Hassium* Hs 108 277
Tellurium Te 52 127.60
Helium He 2 4.002602
Terbium Tb 65 158.92534
Holmium Ho 67 164.93032
Thallium Tl 81 204.3833
Hydrogen H 1.00794
Thorium Th 90 232.0381
Indium In 49 114.818
Thulium Tm 69 168.93421
Iodine I 53 126.90447
Tin Sn 50 118.710
Iridium Ir 77 192.217
Titanium Ti 22 47.867
Iron Fe 26 55.845 Tungsten w 74 183.94
Krypton Kr 36 83.80 u
Uranium 92 238.0289
Lanthanum La 57 138.9055
Vanadium V 23 50.9415
Lawrencium* Lr 103 262
Xenon Xe 54 131.29
Lead Pb 82 207.2
Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Lithium Li 3 6.941 Yttrium y 39 88.90585
Livermoriuum Lv 116 Zinc Zn 30 65.39
Lutetium Lu 71 174.967 Zirconium Zr 40 91.224
Magnesium Mg 12 24.3050
*This element has no stable isotopes. The atomic mass given is that of the isotope with the longest known half-life.
FOUNDATIONS OF
COLLEGE
CHEMISTRY
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FOUNDATIONS OF
COLLEGE
CHEMISTRY
Morris Hein
Mount San Antonio College
Susan Arena
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Cary Willard
Grossmont College
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hein, Morris. I Arena, Susan. I Willard, Cary.
Title: Foundations of college chemistry.
Description: 15th edition/ Morris Hein, Susan Arena, Cary Willard. I
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2016] I Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015041455 I ISBN 9781119083900 (looseleaf: alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Chemistry-Textbooks.
Classification: LCC OD33.2 .H45 2016 I DDC 540-dc23 LC record available at
http://lccn.loc.gov/2015041455
Binder-ready version ISBN 978-1-119-08390-0
Evaluation/desk copy ISBN 978-1-119-24673-2
High School binding ISBN 978-1-119-23455-5
The inside back cover will contain printing identification and country of origin if omitted from this page.
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Printed in the United States of America
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~ABOUT THE AUTHOR
MORRIS HEIN earned his PhD at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He was
Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Mt. San Antonio College, where he regularly
taught the preparatory chemistry course and organic chemistry. He was the original
author of Foundations of College Chemistry, and his name has become synonymous
with clarity, meticulous accuracy, and a step-by-step approach that students can
follow. Morris passed away in late 2014 and was actively working on our texts till the
very end. His sharp eyes and attention to detail will be sorely missed.
SUSAN ARENA earned a BS and MA in Chemistry at California State University
Fullerton. She has taught science and mathematics at all levels, including middle
school, high school, community college, and university. At the University of Illinois
she developed a program for increasing the retention of minorities and women in
science and engineering. This program focused on using active learning and peer
teaching to encourage students to excel in the sciences. She has coordinated and
led workshops and programs for science teachers from elementary through college
levels that encourage and support active learning and creative science teaching tech
niques. For several years she was director of an Institute for Chemical Education (ICE)
field center in Southern California. In addition to Foundations of College Chemistry,
15th edition, she is co-author of Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry,
10th edition. Susan enjoys reading, knitting, traveling, classic cars, and gardening in
her spare time when she is not playing with her grandchildren.
CARY WILLARD received her BS in chemistry from California State Polytechnic
Institute, Pomona, and her PhD from the University of California, Davis. She has
been teaching chemistry at Grossmont College in El Cajon, California for over 20
years. She teaches the chemistry courses for both science and nonscience majors.
Her biggest successes are the students who come into chemistry afraid of the sub
ject and leave having discovered that chemistry really is fun. Her interest in sharing
the excitement of science to the community resulted in Grossmont College hosting
a Science Festival, multiple Science Decathlons, model airplane flying, and robotics
competitions. Cary is also a member of the BE WiSE (Better Education for Women in
Science and Engineering) steering committee and works with the group to share the
excitement of scientific research with a new generation of young women. In her spare
time, Cary enjoys exploring the San Diego region both on foot and in her kayak.
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