FOUNDATIONS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

496 Pages·2017·24.538 MB·English

by  VALCARCEL CASES, MIGUEL. LOPEZ LORENTE ANGELA I.. LOPEZ JIMENEZ M. ANGELES

Miguel Valcárcel Cases
Ángela I. López-Lorente
Ma Ángeles López-Jiménez
Foundations
of Analytical
Chemistry
A Teaching-Learning Approach
Foundations of Analytical Chemistry
Miguel Valcárcel Cases
Ángela I. López-Lorente
a
M Ángeles López-Jiménez
Foundations of Analytical
Chemistry
–
A Teaching Learning Approach
123
Miguel Valcárcel Cases Ma Ángeles López-Jiménez
Department ofAnalytical Chemistry Department ofAnalytical Chemistry
University of Córdoba University of Córdoba
Córdoba Córdoba
Spain Spain
Ángela I.López-Lorente
Department ofAnalytical Chemistry
University of Córdoba
Córdoba
Spain
ISBN978-3-319-62871-4 ISBN978-3-319-62872-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-62872-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017947769
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To our families, for everything they have
given us.
To the analytical chemists who have shaped
and will continue to shape Analytical
Chemistry in the XXI century.
Foreword
ThenewagreementsconcerningtheEuropeanSpaceforHigherEducation,andthe
needtoharmonizeuniversityscienceprogramsthroughouttheworld,haveraiseda
pressing demand for a new approach to the disciplines in university curricula. In
today’s rapidly changing world, education in chemistry cannot absorb all recent
developments in its area of knowledge. For this reason, the undergraduate and
masterprogramstobetaughtbyuniversitiesshouldbeharmonizedbycriticallyand
thoroughly reflecting on the foundations of each subject.
Principles of Analytical Chemistry, a previous book by Miguel Valcárcel pub-
lishedbySpringerin2000,wasausefultoolforunderstandingthefundamentalsof
this chemical discipline. Hisrecent book Fundamentos de QuímicaAnalítica.Una
aproximación docente–discente, which is co-authored by Ángela I. López-Lorente
andMaÁngelesLópezJiménez,andwasreleasedinSpanishbyUCOPressearlyin
2017, provides an image-laden description of Analytical Chemistry and a highly
interesting, attractive tool for teaching this discipline and its main concepts in the
digital era. An English version of the book was thus highly desirable and needed.
This book is very original in that it introduces an innovative way of presenting
universityteachingmaterial.Also,itisunusualbecauseitfollowsateacher–student
approach: One of the co-authors is a student who learned the material recently in
her chemistry studies. Approaching the subjectfrom a student’s point of view will
certainly provide lecturers with highly valuable feedback and facilitate modulation
oftheirteaching.Inaddition,thevisual(slides)andwrittenmaterial(explanations,
examples, and exercises) in the book can be of great help to plan lessons and
seminars, and also to guide students’ non-face-to-face work.
The book is very well structured. The initial chapters (Parts I and II) lay the
foundations for analytical science and lead seamlessly to a highly innovative,
contemporary view of the socioeconomic projection of Analytical Chemistry in
PartIII.PartsIandIIprovidethebackgroundneededtounderstandthatAnalytical
Chemistryisthemetrologicaldisciplineofchemistryandthatitplaysakeyrolein
assuring quality in (bio)chemical information. Each chapter ends with a set of
questions answered in Annex 2 for students to self-assess their learning. Also, the
book includes a highly instructional glossary of terms in Annex 1. All topics are
discussed in an orderly, clear manner.
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viii Foreword
To our minds, this book is a major contribution to a much needed shift from
obsolete teaching practices to active, student-driven learning. Undergraduates not
only in chemistry, but also in medicine, biology, pharmacy, and environmental
science will surely benefit from its contents and structure, which convey a faithful
imageofAnalyticalChemistry:afirst-handchoiceforsolvingamyriadofreal-life
problems with appropriate, fully validated methods.
Withthecurrentgrowinguseofinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesat
university, the image-based approach followed in the book makes it a convenient
tool for teachers and students alike. We are certain that the English edition will be
highly successful.
February 2017 Prof. Miguel de la Guardia Cirujeda
University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Prof. Ángel Ríos Castro
University of Castilla–La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
Preface
The authors were compelled to write this book by two main “drivers.” One was
their wish to further endorse the strategic significance of the true fundamentals of
Analytical Chemistry in order to help students first approaching this discipline to
understand them and to erect their “analytical chemical building” on solid
foundations.
TwooppositeapproachestotheteachingandlearningofAnalyticalChemistryinundergraduate
curricula. The traditional, top-down approach, which goes from descriptions to fundamentals,
leads to an unsteady building and to abilities prevailing over attitudes. On the other hand, the
bottom-up approach, which is used in this book, goes from fundamentals to the description of
methodsandtechniquesinordertoconstructasolid,steadybuildingthatcanbecompletedwith
furtheranalyticalchemicalsubjects
Thetwofoldprimaryaimofthisbookistohavestudentsacquireatruthfulimage
ofAnalyticalChemistryinordertodevelopabilitiesandattitudesthatareconsistent
withtheessenceofthediscipline,andtoprovideafirmbackgroundforaddressing
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x Preface
other analyticalchemical subjects (e.g., analyticalseparation systems, instrumental
analysis).
Rather than to prepare the typical lectures for delivery in the classroom, this
book requires teachers to contextualize concepts, emphasize especially relevant
notions,supporttheirmessageswithexamples,andrespondtostudents’questions.
This novel teaching approach certainly calls for some changes in lecturers’ tradi-
tional role.
The authors’ second “driver” for writing this book was their commitment to
teaching innovation in a subject that is initially difficult to understand. For this
reason,the bookcontainsa large collectionof animated PowerPointslidesthat are
individually explained with text and illustrated with many examples testifying to
the roles of Analytical Chemistry in today’s world. This new teaching approach is
expected to change the minds of those students who might initially be reluctant to
be taught slide-driven lessons.
Because of its unusual teaching–learning standpoint, the preliminary sections
ofthebookhavebeenexpandedwithatechnicalintroductionandabriefguideline
for efficient use.
This book was previously released in Spanish by UCO Press (ISBN
978-84-9927-273-3) in January 2017. The authors are indebted to the publishing
manager, Prof. Juan Pedro Monferrer Sala, for his support and help to have it
releasedinEnglishbySpringer.Also,theywishtothankAntonioLosada,MSc,for
his translation of the Spanish manuscript, and acknowledge the University of
Córdoba for partial funding of the translation budget.
This book would never have been possible without the warm welcome and
support of Dr. Steffen Pauly, Editorial Director of Springer.
Córdoba, Spain Miguel Valcárcel Cases
April 2017 Ángela I. López-Lorente
Ma Ángeles López-Jiménez
Contents
Part I Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
1 Principles of Analytical Chemistry... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 3
1.1 Explanation of the Slides ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 4
1.1.1 Introduction to Part I (1 Slide) . .... .... .... ..... .... 6
1.1.2 Definitions of Analytical Chemistry (4 Slides) . ..... .... 7
1.1.3 Aims and Objectives of Analytical Chemistry
(3 Slides). .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 11
1.1.4 Analytical Chemical References (4 Slides) .... ..... .... 14
1.1.5 (Bio)chemical Information (4 Slides) .... .... ..... .... 18
1.1.6 Conceptual and Technical Hierarchies (11 Slides).... .... 22
1.1.7 Classifications (10 Slides). .... .... .... .... ..... .... 32
1.1.8 New Paradigms of Analytical Chemistry (3 Slides) .. .... 43
1.1.9 Research and Transfer in Analytical Chemistry
(2 Slides). .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 47
1.2 Annotated Suggested Readings... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 49
1.3 Questions on the Topic (Answered in Annex 2).. .... ..... .... 50
1.3.1 An Abridged Version of the Chapter .... .... ..... .... 51
2 Analytical Properties. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 53
2.1 Explanation of the Slides ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 54
2.1.1 Introduction (2 Slides).... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 56
2.1.2 The Chemical Metrological Hierarchy (3 Slides)..... .... 58
2.1.3 Errors in Analytical Chemistry (5 Slides) . .... ..... .... 61
2.1.4 Capital Analytical Properties (5 Slides)... .... ..... .... 66
2.1.5 Basic Analytical Properties (1 Slide). .... .... ..... .... 71
2.1.6 Productivity-Related Analytical Properties (2 Slides) . .... 105
2.1.7 Relationships Among Analytical Properties (6 Slides) .... 107
2.2 Annotated Suggested Readings... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 113
2.3 Questions on the Topic (Solved in Annex 2).... .... ..... .... 113
2.4 An Abridged Version of the Chapter .. .... .... .... ..... .... 118
3 Traceability: Reference Materials ... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 119
3.1 Explanation of the Slides ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 120
3.1.1 Introduction (1 Slide) .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 121
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