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FOUNDATIONS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY PDF

496 Pages·2017·24.538 MB·English
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Miguel Valcárcel Cases Ángela I. López-Lorente Ma Ángeles López-Jiménez Foundations of Analytical Chemistry A Teaching-Learning Approach Foundations of Analytical Chemistry Miguel Valcárcel Cases Ángela I. López-Lorente a M Ángeles López-Jiménez Foundations of Analytical Chemistry – A Teaching Learning Approach 123 Miguel Valcárcel Cases Ma Ángeles López-Jiménez Department ofAnalytical Chemistry Department ofAnalytical Chemistry University of Córdoba University of Córdoba Córdoba Córdoba Spain Spain Ángela I.López-Lorente Department ofAnalytical Chemistry University of Córdoba Córdoba Spain ISBN978-3-319-62871-4 ISBN978-3-319-62872-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-62872-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017947769 Limitedlanguagerights ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Coverphoto:©Herbie/Fotolia Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To our families, for everything they have given us. To the analytical chemists who have shaped and will continue to shape Analytical Chemistry in the XXI century. Foreword ThenewagreementsconcerningtheEuropeanSpaceforHigherEducation,andthe needtoharmonizeuniversityscienceprogramsthroughouttheworld,haveraiseda pressing demand for a new approach to the disciplines in university curricula. In today’s rapidly changing world, education in chemistry cannot absorb all recent developments in its area of knowledge. For this reason, the undergraduate and masterprogramstobetaughtbyuniversitiesshouldbeharmonizedbycriticallyand thoroughly reflecting on the foundations of each subject. Principles of Analytical Chemistry, a previous book by Miguel Valcárcel pub- lishedbySpringerin2000,wasausefultoolforunderstandingthefundamentalsof this chemical discipline. Hisrecent book Fundamentos de QuímicaAnalítica.Una aproximación docente–discente, which is co-authored by Ángela I. López-Lorente andMaÁngelesLópezJiménez,andwasreleasedinSpanishbyUCOPressearlyin 2017, provides an image-laden description of Analytical Chemistry and a highly interesting, attractive tool for teaching this discipline and its main concepts in the digital era. An English version of the book was thus highly desirable and needed. This book is very original in that it introduces an innovative way of presenting universityteachingmaterial.Also,itisunusualbecauseitfollowsateacher–student approach: One of the co-authors is a student who learned the material recently in her chemistry studies. Approaching the subjectfrom a student’s point of view will certainly provide lecturers with highly valuable feedback and facilitate modulation oftheirteaching.Inaddition,thevisual(slides)andwrittenmaterial(explanations, examples, and exercises) in the book can be of great help to plan lessons and seminars, and also to guide students’ non-face-to-face work. The book is very well structured. The initial chapters (Parts I and II) lay the foundations for analytical science and lead seamlessly to a highly innovative, contemporary view of the socioeconomic projection of Analytical Chemistry in PartIII.PartsIandIIprovidethebackgroundneededtounderstandthatAnalytical Chemistryisthemetrologicaldisciplineofchemistryandthatitplaysakeyrolein assuring quality in (bio)chemical information. Each chapter ends with a set of questions answered in Annex 2 for students to self-assess their learning. Also, the book includes a highly instructional glossary of terms in Annex 1. All topics are discussed in an orderly, clear manner. vii viii Foreword To our minds, this book is a major contribution to a much needed shift from obsolete teaching practices to active, student-driven learning. Undergraduates not only in chemistry, but also in medicine, biology, pharmacy, and environmental science will surely benefit from its contents and structure, which convey a faithful imageofAnalyticalChemistry:afirst-handchoiceforsolvingamyriadofreal-life problems with appropriate, fully validated methods. Withthecurrentgrowinguseofinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesat university, the image-based approach followed in the book makes it a convenient tool for teachers and students alike. We are certain that the English edition will be highly successful. February 2017 Prof. Miguel de la Guardia Cirujeda University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain Prof. Ángel Ríos Castro University of Castilla–La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain Preface The authors were compelled to write this book by two main “drivers.” One was their wish to further endorse the strategic significance of the true fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry in order to help students first approaching this discipline to understand them and to erect their “analytical chemical building” on solid foundations. TwooppositeapproachestotheteachingandlearningofAnalyticalChemistryinundergraduate curricula. The traditional, top-down approach, which goes from descriptions to fundamentals, leads to an unsteady building and to abilities prevailing over attitudes. On the other hand, the bottom-up approach, which is used in this book, goes from fundamentals to the description of methodsandtechniquesinordertoconstructasolid,steadybuildingthatcanbecompletedwith furtheranalyticalchemicalsubjects Thetwofoldprimaryaimofthisbookistohavestudentsacquireatruthfulimage ofAnalyticalChemistryinordertodevelopabilitiesandattitudesthatareconsistent withtheessenceofthediscipline,andtoprovideafirmbackgroundforaddressing ix x Preface other analyticalchemical subjects (e.g., analyticalseparation systems, instrumental analysis). Rather than to prepare the typical lectures for delivery in the classroom, this book requires teachers to contextualize concepts, emphasize especially relevant notions,supporttheirmessageswithexamples,andrespondtostudents’questions. This novel teaching approach certainly calls for some changes in lecturers’ tradi- tional role. The authors’ second “driver” for writing this book was their commitment to teaching innovation in a subject that is initially difficult to understand. For this reason,the bookcontainsa large collectionof animated PowerPointslidesthat are individually explained with text and illustrated with many examples testifying to the roles of Analytical Chemistry in today’s world. This new teaching approach is expected to change the minds of those students who might initially be reluctant to be taught slide-driven lessons. Because of its unusual teaching–learning standpoint, the preliminary sections ofthebookhavebeenexpandedwithatechnicalintroductionandabriefguideline for efficient use. This book was previously released in Spanish by UCO Press (ISBN 978-84-9927-273-3) in January 2017. The authors are indebted to the publishing manager, Prof. Juan Pedro Monferrer Sala, for his support and help to have it releasedinEnglishbySpringer.Also,theywishtothankAntonioLosada,MSc,for his translation of the Spanish manuscript, and acknowledge the University of Córdoba for partial funding of the translation budget. This book would never have been possible without the warm welcome and support of Dr. Steffen Pauly, Editorial Director of Springer. Córdoba, Spain Miguel Valcárcel Cases April 2017 Ángela I. López-Lorente Ma Ángeles López-Jiménez Contents Part I Introduction to Analytical Chemistry 1 Principles of Analytical Chemistry... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 3 1.1 Explanation of the Slides ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 4 1.1.1 Introduction to Part I (1 Slide) . .... .... .... ..... .... 6 1.1.2 Definitions of Analytical Chemistry (4 Slides) . ..... .... 7 1.1.3 Aims and Objectives of Analytical Chemistry (3 Slides). .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 11 1.1.4 Analytical Chemical References (4 Slides) .... ..... .... 14 1.1.5 (Bio)chemical Information (4 Slides) .... .... ..... .... 18 1.1.6 Conceptual and Technical Hierarchies (11 Slides).... .... 22 1.1.7 Classifications (10 Slides). .... .... .... .... ..... .... 32 1.1.8 New Paradigms of Analytical Chemistry (3 Slides) .. .... 43 1.1.9 Research and Transfer in Analytical Chemistry (2 Slides). .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 47 1.2 Annotated Suggested Readings... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 49 1.3 Questions on the Topic (Answered in Annex 2).. .... ..... .... 50 1.3.1 An Abridged Version of the Chapter .... .... ..... .... 51 2 Analytical Properties. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 53 2.1 Explanation of the Slides ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 54 2.1.1 Introduction (2 Slides).... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 56 2.1.2 The Chemical Metrological Hierarchy (3 Slides)..... .... 58 2.1.3 Errors in Analytical Chemistry (5 Slides) . .... ..... .... 61 2.1.4 Capital Analytical Properties (5 Slides)... .... ..... .... 66 2.1.5 Basic Analytical Properties (1 Slide). .... .... ..... .... 71 2.1.6 Productivity-Related Analytical Properties (2 Slides) . .... 105 2.1.7 Relationships Among Analytical Properties (6 Slides) .... 107 2.2 Annotated Suggested Readings... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 113 2.3 Questions on the Topic (Solved in Annex 2).... .... ..... .... 113 2.4 An Abridged Version of the Chapter .. .... .... .... ..... .... 118 3 Traceability: Reference Materials ... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 119 3.1 Explanation of the Slides ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 120 3.1.1 Introduction (1 Slide) .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 121 xi

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