Fossil Fuels Utilization. Environmental Concerns

384 Pages·1986·6.643 MB·English

by  Richard Markuszewski and Bernard D. Blaustein (Eds.)

Fossil Fuels Utilization
Environmental Concerns
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In Fossil Fuels Utilization; Markuszewski, R., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.
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In Fossil Fuels Utilization; Markuszewski, R., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 319
Fossil Fuels Utilization
Environmental Concerns
Richard Markuszewski, EDITOR
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0 Ames Laboratory
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9.f Iowa State University
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98 Bernard D. Blaustein, EDITOR
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10 Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center
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8, Developed from a symposium sponsored by
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er the Division of Fuel Chemistry
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Dat Miami Beach, Florida,
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American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1986
In Fossil Fuels Utilization; Markuszewski, R., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.
TD 196 .F67A44 1985 copy 1
American Chemical Society.
Meeting 1985 :
Fossil fuels utilization
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
American Chemical Society. Meeting (189th: 1985:
Miami Beach, Fla.)
Fossil fuels utilization.
(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 319)
"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the
Division of Fuel Chemistry at the 189th Meeting of the
American Chemical Society, April 28-May 3, 1985."
1 Includes bibliographies and index.
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w0 1. Fossil fuels—Environmental aspects—Congresses.
9.f 2. Environmental chemistry—Congresses. 3. Coal—
1 Desulfurization—Environmental aspects—Congresses.
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0
6- I. Markuszewski, Richard, 1941- . 11. Blaustein,
98 Bernard D., 1929- . III. American Chemical
k-1 Society. Division of Fuel Chemistry. IV. Title. V. Series.
1/b TD196.F67A44 1986 662.6'2 86-20673
2 ISBN 0-8412-0990-1
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pt Copyright © 1986
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e: American Chemical Society
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In Fossil Fuels Utilization; Markuszewski, R., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor
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1 Advisory Board
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86- Harvey W. Blanch Donald E. Moreland
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1 University of California—Berkeley USDA, Agricultural Research Service
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6 | Nabisco Brands, Inc. Exxon Chemical Company
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18, Marye Anne Fox W. D. Shults
er The University of Texas—Austin Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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on Roland F. Hirsch Charles S.Tuesday
ati U.S. Department of Energy General Motors Research Laboratory
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Consultant, Computers & National Institute of
Chemistry Research Environmental Health
Vincent D. McGinniss C. Grant Willson
Battelle Columbus Laboratories IBM Research Department
In Fossil Fuels Utilization; Markuszewski, R., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.
FOREWORD
The ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was founded in 1974 to provide a
01 medium for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The
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1 IN CHEMISTRY SERIES except that, in order to save time, the
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6- papers are not typeset but are reproduced as they are submitted
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bk- the supervision of the Editors with the assistance of the Series
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0. symposia; however, verbatim reproductions of previously pub
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oi: lished papers are not accepted. Both reviews and reports of
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In Fossil Fuels Utilization; Markuszewski, R., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.
PREFACE
CONCERNS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS of emissions resulting
from the combustion of fossil fuels, particularly coal, continue to increase as
the utilization of these fuels grows. The large amounts of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere and the attempts to tie these
fossil-fuel-derived pollutants directly to the undeniably difficult problem of
01 acid rain have caused heated debates, numerous research studies, govern
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pr ment actions, and serious efforts to reduce pollution. The issues are
9.
31 extremely complex, and our understanding of the origin, properties,
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6- behavior, and effects of these pollutants is incomplete. Often, theories are
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1 contradictory.
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1/b Yet it seems that emissions of all pollutants, including acid rain
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0 precursors, particulates, trace elements, and organics, should be limited as
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10. much as possible, even if the interrelationships of cause and effect are not yet
oi: clearly defined. The question is, however, how to limit emissions in a timely,
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6 | economical, and technically effective manner without disrupting the
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19 industrial or social fabric of our nation.
18, The efforts at mitigating pollution caused by fossil fuel utilization
er encompass a broad spectrum of environmentalists, legislators, and concerned
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e citizens, as well as a multidisciplinary array of scientists, engineers, and
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Se health officials. The diversity of approaches to solve this serious problem is
ate: reflected in the wide range of topics covered by the contributions to this
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ati In the first three sections, 19 chapters relate different methods that
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bli address the main options for reducing pollutants: (1) removal of sulfur, ash,
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P and trace elements prior to combustion; (2) control of emissions by various

techniques or adjustment of conditions during combustion; and (3) cleanup
of combustion effluents in various gas streams. In the last section, 10
chapters describe the characterization, reactions, transport, and effects of
pollutants emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels.
Most chapters are reports of original research, and as such provide
insight into possible solutions or problems in a narrow field. However,
several chapters review the current state of technology and point to future
directions for necessary research. No one chapter provides a complete
answer to the elusive and controversial question of how to limit emissions,
yet each chapter contributes to our understanding of the science and
technology involved in achieving this goal. As a group, the chapters in this
ix
In Fossil Fuels Utilization; Markuszewski, R., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.
volume represent the complex nature of the problem and the necessity for
interdisciplinary approaches to addressing environmental concerns in fossil
fuel utilization.
RICHARD MARKUSZEWSKI
Fossil Energy Program
Ames Laboratory
Iowa State University
Ames, IA 50011
BERNARD D. BLAUSTEIN
Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center
U.S. Department of Energy
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00 P.O. Box 10940
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9. Pittsburgh, PA 15236
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χ
In Fossil Fuels Utilization; Markuszewski, R., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.
1
Advanced Physical Coal Cleaning
A Strategy for Controlling Acid Rain Precursor Emissions
Thomas J. Feeley, III, and Bernard D. Blaustein
Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA 15236
1
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h The United States has made impressive strides in
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9. reducing atmospheric emissions of sulfur dioxide
1
03 since passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of
6- 1970. However, significant amounts of SO2 continue
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19 to be emitted and these emissions may increase. A
bk- large percentage of these emissions are produced by
1/ coal-fired electric utilities, and these sources have
2
10 been targeted for further SO2 reductions in numerous
10. acid rain control proposals. Advanced physical fine
oi: -coal cleaning to remove pyrite may provide a viable
86 | d as trlaaterggye froers eraerdcuhc inegf fforutt urteo S dOe2v eelmoips siaodnvsa.n ceTdh erceo ails
9
1 -cleaning technologies as a cost-effective means to
18, control acid rain precursor emissions from coal-fired
er power plants and large industrial sources.
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pt In recent years there has been increased concern about emissions of
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S sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (N0) from fossil fuel
Date: ctoimonb usotfio anc ida npdre acbiopuitt atthieo n.r oleW itthh att heS Op2a sansda geN X0oX fp tlhaey Cilnea tn heA ifro rAmac t
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o Amendments in 1970 and 1977, regulations were enacted to control
blicati Stthea ndmaarjdosr (eNmSiPtSt)e rsw eroef SeOs2t aabnlids Nhe0dX i(n1", 219)7.1 tNeow l iSmoiut rcSeO 2 Peermfiosrsmiaonncse
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to include a percentage reduction requirement. These regulations
proved to be an effective tool in protecting air quality. After
reaching a peak in 1973, national annual emissions of SO2 declined
by 28 percent between 1973 and 1983. This decline is all the more
impressive because electric utility coal consumption increased by
about 60 percent during the same period. Relatively large amounts
of pollutants continue to be emitted, however, and emissions are
projected to increase. Table I gives the National Acid Precipi
tation Assessment Program's 1980 emissions estimates for SO2 and
N0 by source category (J). As shown, sources in the United States
X
emitted 24.6 teragrams of S0 and 21.5 teragrams of N0 in 1980.
2 X
Table II presents projected U.S. emissions estimates (4). The data
This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright.
Published 1986, American Chemical Society
In Fossil Fuels Utilization; Markuszewski, R., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.
1. FEELEY AND BLAUSTEIN Advanced Physical Coal Cleaning 3
Table I. Pollutant Emissions in 1980 by Source Category
Pollutant (Tg/Yr)
Source Category SO 2 N0
X
Electric Utilities 15.7 7.3
Industrial Combustion 3.4 4.1
Residential/Commercial Combustion 0.8 0.6
Non-ferrous Smelters 1.1 Neg.
Other Industrial Processes 2.7 0.9
Transportation 0.8 8.3
Miscellaneous 0.1 0.3
Total 2θ 21.5
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ch Data taken from reference 3, page 34. Note change in units.
9.
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986- Table II. U.S. Current and Projected SO2 and NO x Emissions
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1/b Current Projected Projected
02 1980 1990 2000
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0. (Tg/Yr) (Tg/Yr) (Tg/Yr)
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oi: Source Category SO 2 N0 SO 2 N0 SO N0
d X X 2 X
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8 Electric Utilities 15.0 5.6 15.9 7.2 16.2 8.7
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8, 1 Industrial Boilers and 2.4 3.5 3.4 3.0 6.5 4.0
1 Process Heaters
ber Nonferrous Smelters 1.4 0.5 0.5
m Residential/Commercial 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.6
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ate: S TraPnrsopcoerstsaest ion 0.8 8.5 0.8 7.8 1.0 ΛΑ
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c Source: Reference 4, page 2-94.
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cited by Homolya and Robinson (page 2-94 in reference 4) show an
increase in both SO 2 and N0 for the year 2000 as compared to 1980.
X
Acid Deposition
The level of emissions of SO2 and N0, and their effects in the
X
United States and in other industrialized countries have been the
target of considerable debate. When SO2 and N0 are emitted into
X
the atmosphere, a large fraction of these pollutants can be
oxidized to sulfate and nitrate during atmospheric transport, and
then deposited as acidic compounds (4-8). Acid rain is the popular
term to describe this complex phenomenon. Acidic compounds can be
deposited in both wet and dry forms, and this process is more
properly referred to as acid deposition or acid precipitation. The
wet forms of acid deposition include rain, snow, fog, and dew. Dry
deposition occurs via absorption of SO2 and N0 on surfaces and via
X
In Fossil Fuels Utilization; Markuszewski, R., el al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.