Fossil and Recent Sponges PDF
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J. Reitner H. Keupp (Eds.) Fossil and Recent Sponges With 233 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Dr. J OACHIM REITNER Prof. Dr. HELMUT KEUPP Institut für Paläontologie Freie Universität Berlin Schwendener Straße 8 1000 Berlin 33, FRG Cover illustration: The cover shows a multiple recolonialization of the calcareous basal skeleton of Spirastrella (Acanthochaetetes) wellsi (Hartman and Goreau 1975). Collect ed from the Phillipines by Dr. R. van Soest. Length 5 cm. Collection J. Reitner, Institute of Palaeontology, Free University, Berlin ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75658-0 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-75656-6 DOI: 10 .1 007/978-3-642-75656-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Fossil and recent sponges / 1. Reitner, H. Keupp (eds.). p. cm. Proceedings of a symposium held Sept. 26-28, 1988, at the Institut für Paläontologie, Freie Universität Berlin. I. Sponges - Congresses. 2. Sponges, Fossil - Congresses. I. Reitner, J. (Joachim), 11. Keupp, Helmut, 1949-. III. Freie Universität Berlin. Institut für Paläontologie. QL370.7.F67 1990 593.4 - dc20 90-41848 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its CUTTent version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1991 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. lYpesetting: International Typesetters Inc., Makati, Philippines 32/3145-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper Preface Sponges, fiIter-feeding organisms in all main types of aquatic environments, have been known since the latest Precambrian. Through the whole Phanerozoic they play an important role as constructors in buildups, and live on soft bottoms as weIl as on hard substrates in different water depths and environments. During Paleozoic and Mesozoic times highly diverse sponge communities with rigid skeletons are primary frame builders, which were replaced subse quently in the late Mesozoic by rapidly growing, rigid skeletal-forming cnidarians. Sponges with rigid skeletons are Iithistids - a desma-bearing polyphyletic group of demosponges, dictyid hexactinellids, and sc/erosponges (stromatoporoids, chaetetids, sphinctozoans) - a polyphyletic group of demosponges which secrete different types of secondary calcareous skeletons. Today these types of sponges are restricted to cryptic and deeper water en vironments. Soft sponges are mostly reported in fossil record by isolated spicules. Complete specimens are only known from fossillagerstätten which are characterized by rapid sedimentation rates as seen in the Middle Cambrian Burgess and Wheeler Shales (North America) as weIl as in the early Devonian Hunsrück slate of West Germany. In connection with the Phanerozoic COrcycles, the main faunal changes of the sponges are observed during the Carboniferous, the Triassic/Jurassic bound ary, and the Late Cretaceous. The most important change in sponge taxa occur red at the end of the Devonian. Most of the modern sponge lineages probably derive from stern groups of the early Carboniferous. Only few earlier Paleozoic sponge taxa exhibit clear relationships to modern ones. Most of the older groups became extinct in the late Devonian (Frasne/Famenene) worldwide extinction events. But, despite the enormous post-Devonian fossil material, the phylogenetic, paleobiological, and paleoecological relationships between fossil and Recent taxa are poorly known. The reasons for this are often poorly preserved fossil sponge remains and the highly convergent nature of many weIl preserved characters such as megascleres and secondary basal skeletons. According to these facts, for a long period, paleontologists and neon tologists worked in different ways because both groups had different scientific goals. As a resuIt of the rediscovery of sponges with rigid calcareous skeleton by Willard Hartman and Thomas Goreau and Jean Vacelet in the 1960's, the com munication between paleospongiologists and neospongiologists has been in- VI Preface creasing within the last decade, both scientific groups developing more and more common goals. Our aim is to confirm this development. We believe that taxonomic, phylogenetic, and (paleo-)ecological questions could be more easily solved if both scientific groups collaborated closely. We therefore organized a con ference on Fossil and Recent Sponges in Berlin in September 26-28, 1988. This conference was a forum where more than 70 biologists and paleon tologists discussed present scientific questions dealing with fossil and modern sponges. The positive feedback of this symposium is reflected by the 43 ac cepted contributions for this Proceedings Volume. The organizers thank all participants of the symposium for presenting their papers and posters and for constructive discussions. We are indebted to all referees who have done good work in reviewing all the papers presented here. For financial support, the following institutions are gratefully acknowl edged: Senator für Wissenschaft und Forschung Berlin, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), and Deutscher Akademischer Austausch dienst (DAAD). Last but not least our special thanks to aB at the Institut für Paläontologie, Freie Universität Berlin, for help and the perfect organization which was a garantee for a successful conference. Berlin, Spring 1991 JO ACHIM REITNER HELMUT KEUPP Most of the participants of the International Conference on Fossil and Recent Sponges, Berlin 1988, September 26 - 28 are shown in front of the Institut für Paläontologie der Freien Universität Berlin, in the order indicated in the drawing. 1 M.C. DIAZ 2 E. VILLAMIZAR 3 S. POMPONI 4 M.-J. URIZ 5 R. DESQUEYROUx-FAUNDEZ 6 E. GAINO 7 N. BOURy-EsNAULT 8 R. MANCONI 9 T. KocH 10 R. Kurr 11 R. WOOD 12 R. PRONZATO 13 M. SAM 14 W. C. JONES 15 K. RIGBY 16 D. MEHL (pro: Salomon) 17 C. VOLKMER-RIBEIRO 18 B. SPIEGLER 19 W. H. DE WEERIJr 20 1. KAzMIERCZAK 21 H. KEupp 22 1. REITNER 23 G. GRUBER 24 N. WEISSENFELS 25 D. BARTHEL 26 A. BODZIOCH 27 B. SENOWBARI-DARYAN 28 P. WILLENZ 29 T. STEIGER 30 A. PISERA 31 B. LANG 32 D. ROSELL 33 T. ENGESER 34 P. RIEDEL 35 U. SCHEER 36 C. ERRENST 37 P. WOLZ 38 U. SCHWElTZER 39 M. RAUER 401. VACELET 41 P.-E LANGENBRUCH 42 S. STONE 43 P. SCHÄFER 44 U. SALLER 45 A. SOLE-CAVA 46 C. LEVI 47 M. SCHUDACK 48 W. ZIMMERLE 49 C. GAILLARD 50 E GRaTHE 51 R. VAN SOEST 52 W. GASSE 53 J. PICKETT 54 G. CORRIERO 55 T. BRACHERT 56 R. WEST 57 E-H. BRUGGER 58 R. KOHRING 59 J. HOOPER 60 H.M. REISWIG 61 M. PANSINI Contents Taxonomie and Phylogenetie Aspeets Introduction .................................................. 3 Hexactinellida H. M. REISWIG New Perspectives on the Hexactinellid Genus Dactylocalyx Stutchbury ................................................... 7 W. GASSE, R. GÖCKE, and K.-H. HILPERT The Hexactinellid Sponge Genus Becksia Schlüter, 1868 from the Campanian of the NW Münsterland (Upper Cretaceous, NW Germany) .............................. 21 W. MÜLLER Observations on the lurassic Hexactinellid Sponge Tremadictyon radicatum (Quenstedt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 D. MEHL (pro: SALOMON) Are Protospongiidae the Stern Group of Modern Hexactinellida? 43 Demospongiae R. W. M. VAN SOEST Demosponge Higher Taxa Classification Re-Examined 54 C. LEVI Lithistid Sponges from the Norfolk Rise. Recent and Mesozoic Genera ................................... 72 l.K. RIGBY Evolution of Paleozoic Heteractinid Calcareous Sponges and Demosponges - Patterns and Records ....................... 83 x Contents J. REITNER and H. KEupp The Fossil Record of the Haplosclerid Excavating Sponge Aka de Laubenfels ............................................ 102 C. VOLKMER-RIBEIRO and J. REITNER Renewed Study of the Type Material of Palaeospongilla chubutensis Ott and Volkheimer (1972) ..................................... 121 M. C. DIAZ, R. W. M. VAN SOEST, and S. A. POMPONI A Systematie Revision of the Central-Atlantie Halichondrida (Demospongiae, Porifera). Part I: Evaluation of Characters and Diagnosis of Genera . . . . . . . . .. 134 S.A. POMPONI, A.E. WRIGHT, M.C. DIAZ, and R.W.M. VAN SOEST A Systematic Revision of the Central Atlantic Halichondrida (Demospongiae, Porifera). Part 11: Patterns of Distribution of Secondary Metabolites ......... 150 Demospongiae and Calcarea with Secondary Basal Skeletons J.-P. CUIF and P. GAUTRET Taxonomie Value of Mierostructural Features in Calcified Tissue from Recent and Fossil Demospongiae and Calcarea ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 J. VACELET and M. J. URIZ Deficient Spieulation in a New Species of Merlia (Merliida, Demospongiae) from the Balearic Islands 170 J. REITNER Phylogenetic Aspects and New Descriptions of Spicule-Bearing Hadromerid Sponges with a Secondary Calcareous Skeleton (Tetractinomorpha, Demospongiae) .............................. 179 J. KAZMIERCZAK Further Evidence for Poriferan Affinities of Favositids 212 B. SENOWBARI-DARYAN "Sphinctozoa": An Overview 224 J. PICKETT A Cautionary Tale: Diffieulties in Inferring Living Morphology from Post-Depositional Appearance ............................. 242 Contents XI Calcarea J. VACELET Recent Calcarea with a Reinforced Skeleton ("Pharetronids") 252 Aspects of Sponge Biology Introduction ......................................... '" ...... " 269 Demospongiae J.N.A. HOOPER, R.J. CAPON, C.P. KEENAN, and D.L. PARRY Morphometric and Biochemical Differences Between Sympatric Popu lations of the Clathria "Spicata" Species Complex (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Microcionidae) from Northern Australia ........... 271 P.-F. LANGENBRUCH Histological Indications of the Phylogenesis of the Haplosclerida (Demospongiae, Porifera) ...................................... 289 U. SALLER Symbiosis of Spongilla lacustris (Spongillidae) and Green Algae. Algae Uptake, Distribution and Final Whereabouts ................ 299 M. SAM and E. MANARA Cortical Structure and Adaptation in the Genus Tethya (Porifera, Demospongiae) ...................................... 306 A. M. SOLE-CAVA, J. P. THORPE, and R. MANCONI A New Mediterranean Species ofAxinella Detected by Biochemical Genetic Methods .............................................. 313 Demospongiae with Secondary Calcareous Skeletons R. WOOD Non-Spicular Biomineralization in Calcified Demosponges 322 Calcarea P. W. LEDGER and W. C. JONES On the Structure of Calcareous Sponge Spicules 341 XII Contents E. GAINO, M. PANSINI, R. PRONZATO, and F. CICOGNA Morphological and Structural Variations in Clathrina clathrus (Porifera, Calcispongiae) ....................................... 360 (Paleo-)Ecology and Diagenesis of Sponges Introduction .................................................. 375 Environmental Aspects 0/ Living Sponge Populations K. R. TABACHNICK Adaptation of the Hexactinellid Sponges to Deep-Sea Life 378 D. BARTHEL Influence of Different Current Regimes on the Growth Form of Halichondria panicea Pallas ................................. 387 G. CORRIERO, R. PRONZATO, and M. SAM The Sponge Fauna Associated with Arca noae L. (Mollusca, Bivalvia) ........................................... 395 W.C. JONES Monthly Variations in the Size of Spicules of the Haplosclerid Sponge, Haliclona rosea (Bowerbank) ............................ 404 W. H. DE WEERDf Vicariance Biogeography Using North Atlantic Chalinidae (Demospongiae) .............................................. 421 R. PRONZATO and R. MANCONI Colonization, Life Cycles and Competition in a Freshwater Sponge Association .................................................. 432 Sponges in Buildups Through Time R. R. WEST and S. KERSHAW Chaetetid Habitats 445 J. W. REINHARDf Eastern Tethyan Sponge Buildups at the Close of the Paleozoic (Uppermost Permian, Sichuan/China) ........................... 456
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