Forty Studies that Changed Psychology: Explorations into the History of Psychological Research

356 Pages·2008·2.264 MB·English

by  Roger R. Hock

FORTY S T U D I ES
THAT C H A N G ED
P S Y C H O L O GY
L

F O R TY S T U D I ES
T H AT C H A N G ED
P S Y C H O L O GY
Explorations into the History
of Psychological Research
Sixth Edition
Roger R. Hock, Ph.D.
Mendocino College
Pearson Education International
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For Diane Perin Hock and Caroline Mei Perin Hock

CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
CHAPTER I BIOLOGY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 1
READING 1: ONE BRAIN OR TWO? 1
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967). The split brain in man. Scientific American, 217(2), 24-29.
READING 2: MORE EXPERIENCE = BIGGER BRAIN 11
Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L., & Diamond, M. C. (1972). Brain changes in
response to experience. Scientific American, 226(2), 22-29.
READING 3: ARE YOU A "NATURAL?" 19
Bouchard, T., Lykken, D., McGue, M., Segal, N., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources
of human psychological differences: The Minnesota study of twins reared apart.
Science, 250, 223-229.
READING 4: WATCH OUT FOR THE VISUAL CLIFF! 27
Gibson, E. J., & Walk, R. D. (1960). The "visual cliff." Scientific American, 202(4),
67-71.
CHAPTER II PERCEPTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 35
READING 5: TAKE A LONG LOOK 36
Fantz, R. L. (1961). The origin of form perception. Scientific American, 204(May),
61-72.
READING 6: TO SLEEP, NO DOUBT TO DREAM ... 42
Aserinsky, E., & Kleitman, N. (1953). Regularly occurring periods of eye mobility
and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science, 118, 273-274.
Dement, W. (1960). The effect of dream deprivation. Science, 131, 1705-1707.
READING 7: UNROMANCING THE DREAM 49
Hobson, J. A., & McCarley, R. W. (1977). The brain as a dream-state generator:
An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. American Journal of Psy
chiatry, 134, 1335-1348.
READING 8: ACTING AS IF YOU ARE HYPNOTIZED 56
Spanos, N. R (1982). Hypnotic behavior: A cognitive, social, psychological per
spective. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior, 7, 199-213.
vii
viii Contents
CHAPTER III LEARNING AND CONDITIONING 65
READING 9: IT'S NOT JUST ABOUT SALIVATING DOGS! 65
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.
READING 10: LITTLE EMOTIONAL ALBERT 72
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional responses. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 3, 1-14.
READING 11: KNOCK WOOD! 78
Skinner, B. F. (1948). Superstition in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychol
ogy, 38, 168-172.
READING 12: SEE AGGRESSION ... DO AGGRESSION! 85
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through im
itation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
CHAPTER IV INTELLIGENCE, COGNITION, AND MEMORY 93
READING 13: WHAT YOU EXPECT IS WHAT YOU GET 93
Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1966). Teachers' expectancies: Determinates of
pupils' IQ gains. Psychological Reports, 19, 115-118.
READING 14: JUST HOW ARE YOU INTELLIGENT? 100
Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New
York: Basic Books.
READING 15: MAPS IN YOUR MIND 110
Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55,
189-208.
READING 16: THANKS FOR THE MEMORIES! 11 7
Loftus, E. F. (1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. Cognitive Psy
chology, 7, 560-572.
CHAPTER V HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 126
READING 17: DISCOVERING LOVE 126
Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 673-685.
READING 18: OUT OF SIGHT, BUT NOT OUT OF MIND 1 34
Piaget, J. (1954). The development of object concept. In J. Piaget, The construc
tion of reality in the child (pp. 3-96). New York: Basic Books.
READING 19: HOW MORAL ARE YOU? 143
Kohlberg, L. (1963). The development of children's orientations toward a moral
order: Sequence in the development of moral thought. Vita Humana, 6, 11-33.
READING 20: IN CONTROL AND GLAD OF IT! 150
Langer, E. J., & Rodin, J. (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced personal
responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 191-198.