Fortschritte der Botanik: Morphologie · Physiologie · Genetik · Systematik · Geobotanik

377 Pages·1974·9.5 MB·German

by  Werner W. Franke

Progress in Botany /Fortschritte der Botanik 36
Progress in Botany
Morphology . Physiology . Genetics
Taxonomy· Geobotany
Fortschritte der Botanik
Morphologie' Physiologie' Genetik
Systematik' Geobotanik
Editors/Herausgeber
Heinz Ellenberg, Göttingen
Karl Esser, Bochum
Hermann Merxmüller, München
Eberhard Schnepf, Heidelberg
Hubert Ziegler, München
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1974
With j 6 Figures
ISBN 978-3-540-07036-8 ISBN 978-3-662-12810-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-12810-7
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© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1974
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1974
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1974
Library of Congress Catalog Card N umber 33-15850.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement,
that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Vorwort
Nachdem die "Fortschritte der Botanik" viele Jahre fast ausschließ
lich in deutscher Sprache erschienen sind, ist nun erstmals der über
wiegende Teil in Englisch abgefaßt. Es ist nur folgerichtig, wenn
das auch im Titel zum Ausdruck kommt. Der Entschluß zu dieser tief
greifenden Veränderung fiel den Herausgebern und dem Verlag nicht
leicht, doch erschien er uns notwendig.
Englisch wächst immer mehr in die Rolle des mittelalterlichen Lateins
hinein; es wird von Wissenschaftlern in aller Welt verstanden. Anglo
amerikaner und sonstige mit Englisch Aufgewachsene verwerten kaum
noch die anderssprachige Literatur. Die "Fortschritte" können hier
eine allen zugängliche Brücke bilden, indem sie wie bisher Publika
tionen aus vielen Sprachen berücksichtigen, diese aber in Englisch
besprechen.
Am Grundcharakter der Reihe ändert sich dadurch nichts. Sie verfolgt
weiterhin das Ziel, konzentriert und rasch (oder in höchstens 2- bis
3-jährigem Turnus) über alle Teilgebiete der Botanik zu berichten und
dabei solche Arbeiten auszuwählen, die nennenswerte sachliche oder
methodische Fortschritte brachten. Entsprechend der zunehmenden Spe
zialisierung beteiligen sich hieran zahlreiche Mitarbeiter.
Die Muttersprache fast all dieser Mitarbeiter ist nicht das Engli
sche; deshalb sollte man ihnen manche sprachli-chen Mängel nachsehen.
Eine gebührende Erfassung der nicht-englischen Literatur wird weiter
hin angestrebt. Wer hierzu nicht in der Lage ist, wird auch in Z~­
kunft nur ausnahmsweise als Mitarbeiter in Frage kommen. Die-meisten
Autoren haben sich mit der englischen Fassung einverstanden erklärt.
Die Deutsch schreibenden Autoren und die Deutsch verstehenden Leser
werden zwar - wie wir - die Erschwernis beim Abfassen und bei der
Lektüre bedauern, doch scheint uns der Vorteil eines weiteren Leser
kreises die Nachteile zu überwiegen.
Heidelberg, Herbst 1974 Die Herausgeber
Preface
"Fortschritte der B'Otanik" has been published for many years almost
entirely in German. It now appears for the first time predominantly
in English. It is therefore only logical that the title should re
fleet this change. The change is a significant one, and the decision
to make it was not taken lightly. The editors and publishers, how
ver, considered it necessary.
English is increasingly assuming the role played by Latin in the
Middle Ages, it is the new lingua franca of science. It is well
known that American and British scientists, and others who have re
ceived their education in English, seldom if ever read publications
in other languages. The "Fortschritte" can thus form a universally
accessible bridge by continuing the policy of reviewing work pub
lished in a wide range of languages, but doing this in English.
The basic character of the series will remain unchanged. The objec
tive is still to furnish concise and prompt reports (in 2 to 3-year
rotation, at most) on all subject areas of botany. This involves the
selection of works that describe worthwhile factual or methodologi
cal advances. Increasing specialization demands that many authors
contribute to the series. The majority of our contributors do not
have English as their mother tongue, so that any linguistic weak
nesses must be forgiven them. The important point is that they di
reet their efforts toward adequate coverage of the non-English lit
erature. Authors unable to offer this service will be invited to
contribute only in exceptional circumstances. Most of our contribu
tors have already agreed to continue with the English version.
Authors who normally write in German, and readers who understand
German first and foremost, will naturally regret that the exercise
has been made more difficult for them. We are, however, convinced
that the "pro" of a wider readership outweighs all the "cons."
Heidelberg, Autumn 1974 The Editors
Contents
A. MORPHOLOGY
I. Cytology •••.••..•.•......•...••..•.•.....•..••...•....•.
a) General and Molecular Cytology. By Dr. WERNER W. FRANKE,
Dr. ULRICH SCHEER, and Dipl.Biol. WERNER HERTH ......... .
I. Pore Complex Containing Endomernbranes •...•..•.•......
1. The Nuclear Envelope .••••...•..••.••.•.•.••.....•.
a) Membrane Ultrastructure and Biochemistry of the
Nuclear Envelope.................................. 2
b) Ultrastructure of the Pore Complex................ 2
c) Quantitative Aspects.............................. 8
d) Interaction of Nuclear Membranes with DNA and RNA
Containing Structures............................. 9
11. Annulate Lamellae (AL)............................... 9
111. Structure and Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall ..•. 10
a) Morphology of Structural Polysaccharides .•••....•. 10
b) Molecular Components of the Cell Wall ..••.•......• 11
c) Self Assembly..................................... 13
d) Biosynthesis of Cell Wall Components .••..•.......• 14
e) "Naked Protoplasts" and Wall Regeneration ...••••.• 15
References. . . • . • . • . . . . • . . . . . . • . • . • . • . • • • • • . • . • . . • • . • . . . . 16
b) Special Cytology: Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Pro
karyotic Cello By Professor Dr. ·GERHART DREWS .•..•....•. 21
1. Cell Envelopes....................................... 21
a) Slime and Capsular MateriaL...................... 21
b) Bacterial Endospores.............................. 21
c) Heterocysts....................................... 22
d) Cell Wall......................................... 22
e) Cell Wall Formation............................... 24
2. Mernbranes............................................ 25
a) Cytoplasmic Membrane.............................. 25
b) Intracytoplasmic Membranes •.••.•..•••••.•.•.•..••. 26
c) Ga-s Vacuoles...................................... 26
References. . • . • . . • • . • . • • . • • • • . . • • . • . . . • . • . . . . . • • • • . . . . .• 27
VIII Contents
c) Special Cytology: Morphology and Morphogenesis of Algal
Cells. By Professor Dr. GORDON F. LEEDALE. with 1 Figure. 30
1. Introduction......................................... 30
2. Cell Organisation, Excluding Wall and Nucleus ........ 30
a) General Studies with Taxonomic Implications ....... 30
b) Chloroplasts...................................... 31
c) Golgi Bodies (Dictyosomes); Secretion............. 32
d) Microbodies....................................... 32
e) Flagellar Hairs (Mastigonemes).................... 33
f) Microtubules...................................... 33
3. Cell Wall and Other Cell Coverings ................... 34
a) Cell Wall......................................... 34
b) Diatom Frustules.................................. 34
c) Scales............................................ 34
CL) Haptophyceae................................... 34
ß) Chrysophyceae.................................. 35
y) Prasinophyceae................................. 35
d) Coccoliths........................................ 35
e) Sheaths, Loricae, Stalks.......................... 35
f) Dinoflagellate Amphiesma.......................... 36
4. Nucleus.............................................. 36
a) General Structure................................. 36
b) Mitosis and Cytokinesis ........................... 36
c) Meiosis........................................... 38
d) Centromeres (Kinetochores)........................ 38
5. Repr0ducti ve Stages.................................. 38
a) Spores of Rhodophyceae............................ 38
b) Zoospores, Gametes, etc. in Chlorophyceae .......•. 39
c) Spores of Phaeophyceae............................ 40
6. Parasitism and Symbiosis ............................. 40
a) Paras i tism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
b) Symbiosis......................................... 41
7. Viruses. ............................................. 41
8. Phylogeny............................................ 42
References.. .. ......... .... ... ........... ....... ... .. ... 43
IIa) Morphologie und Anatomie der höheren Pflanzen: Vegeta-
tionsorgane. Von Professor Dr. WOLFGANG HAGEMANN ........ 45
Allgemeines. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. •• • .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 45
Arbeiten über die Organisation des Sproßscheitelmeri-
sterns..... ......•.. . .................. .. .... ..... ....... 46
Literatur........... .....•.•...........•........... . .... 48
b) Morphologie und Anatomie der höheren Pflanzen: Repro-
duktionsorgane. Von Professor Dr. ULRICH HAMANN ......... 50
Vorbemerkung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Embryologie der Angiospermen........... .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 50
Contents IX
1. Allgemeines.......................................... 50
2. Antherenbau, Mikrosporogenese, männlicher Gametophyt. 51
a) Antherenwand. .. ... . ....•. .............•... ... ..... 51
b) Mikrosporogenese und Pollenmorphologie .•.......... 51
c) Männlicher Gametophyt, Pollenschlauch ............. 52
3. Samenanlage und Samenbau............................. 53
a) Typologie und Histogenese von Nucellus und Integu-
menten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 53
b) Endothel.......................................... 53
c) Samenbau, Samenschale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4. Makrosporogenese und weiblicher Gametophyt ........... 54
a) Typen der Embryosackentwicklung ................... 54
b) Innerspezifische Variabilität..................... 54
c) Cytologie, Ultrastruktur. .. ............ ...... ..... 55
5. Befruchtung.......................................... 56
6. Endosperm............................................ 56
a) Typen der Endospermentwicklung .................... 56
b) Endospermhaustorien, Cytologie ......•............. 57
c) Morphogenese in Endospermkulturen ................. 57
7. Embryo............................................... 57
a) Embryogenese-Typen................................ 57
b) Keimblatt- und Keimwurzelstellung am Monokotylen-
embryo. ........................•.................. 58
c) Cytologie, Ultrastruktur .......................... 59
d) ökologische Beziehungen; Sonderfälle ..•........... 59
e) Polyembryonie..................................... 59
8. Apomixis............................................. 59
9. Embryogenese in vi tro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Li teratur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
B. PHYSIOLOGY
I. Cell Physiology. Physiology of Meiosis. By Dr. A.F.CROES 66
1. Introduction......................................... 66
2. Duration of Meiosis.................................. 66
3. Initiation of Meiosis................................ 67
4. Cross Biochemical Changes............................ 68
a) Histones. ..... ..... ............. ...... ......... ... 68
b) Other Changes..................................... 69
5. Chromosome Pairing................................... 69
a) Prealignment...................................... 69
b) Synapsis.......................................... 70
c) Molecular Pairing................................. 72
6. Recombination........................................ 72
X Contents
a) Timing............................................ 72
b) Biochemistry...................................... 73
7. Conclusions.......................................... 74
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11. Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism. By Professor Dr.
ERWIN LATZKO and Dr. GRAHAM J. KELLY. With 1 Figure ..... 77
1. Introduction......................................... 77
2. Enzymology of the Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle.. 77
3. Studies with Isolated Chloroplasts ..........•........ 79
4. Communication between Chloroplast and Cytoplasm ...... 80
5. Glycollate and Photorespiration. .•....... .... .. . . . ... 82
6. C4 Metabolism. ................ ... ..... .......... ..... 83
References.. ...•.. .. ......... ... ...... ............ . .. ... 85
111. Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Organic Acids. By
Professor Dr. MANFRED KLUGE............................. 90
1. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) •.................. 90
a) The Pathway of Carbon During CAM .................. 90
CI) The Carboxylating Step......................... 90
ß) The Carbohydrate-Malic Acid Relationship in CAM 91
y) Enzymology .................. : .................. 91
i) Carboxylating Enzymes..................... 91
ii) Decarboxylating Enzymes.............. . . . . . 92
iii) Enzymes of CAM Linked Carbohydrate Metab-
olism. .................. ....... ... ... .. ... 93
b) Regulation of CAM................................. 93
c) Carbon Isotope Discrimination (C12/C13Ratio) in CAM 94
d) Ecological Aspects of CAM ......................... 95
e) Induction of CAM in Halophytes .................... 96
2. Acid Metabolism Related to Stomatal Movements ........ 96
References.............. ........ ...... ...... .... .. ... ... 97
IV. Stoffwechsel anorganischer N-Verbindungen. Von Professor
Dr. ERICH KESSLER....................................... 99
1. N2-Reduktion......................................... 99
a) N2-Reduktion frei lebender O~ganismen ............. 99
b) Symbiontische N2-Reduktion ........................ 101
2. Nitratreduktion •..................................... 101
a) Assimilatorische Nitratreduktion .............•.... 101
b) Dissimilatorische Nitratreduktion ................. 103
3. Nitrifikation ........................................ 103
Literatur .....................••...........•............ 104
Contents XI
V. Secondary Plant Substances. Flavonoid Biosynthesis and
their Regulation. By Professor Dr. HORST-ROBERT SCHUTTE
With 7 Figures. ............•..............•..........•.. 108
1. In troduction. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108
2. Chalcones as Precursors.............................. 109
3. Flavones, Flavonols, Catechins and Anthocyanidins .... 111
4. Isoflavons........................................... 111
a) Coumestrol ....•....•.......•...................... 112
b) Pisatin, Phaseollin and Hydroxyphaseollin •........ 113
c) Rotenoids .........................•............... 114
5. Influence of Light on the Flavonoid Biosynthesis ..... 115
6. Metabolism of Flavonoids............................. 116
7. Regulation and Enzymes Involved in Flavonoid Biosyn-
thesis.. ...... .. .........•...•. ... ... ...... ...... .... 117
References. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 120
VI. Growth. By Professor Dr. KARL DÖRFFLING. With 3 Figures. 124
1. Auxins .................................•............. 124
a) Reviews .........•................................. 124
b) Methods of Determination, Occurrence, Biosynthesis 124
c) Metabolism. ....................................... 126
d) Mechanism of Action............................... 127
2. Gibberellins......................................... 128
a) Methods of Determination, Occurrence.............. 129
b) Biosynthesis, Metabolism. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. ... 130
c) Mechanism of Action .........•..................... 131
3. Cytokinins........................................... 1 33
a) Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Metabolism .•....•......• 133
b) Mechanism of Action............................... 136
4. Abscisic Acid and Xanthoxin.......................... 137
a) Techniques for Extraction,Purification and Quanti-
fication, Bioassays............................... 137
b) Occurrence and Quantitative Variation in Plants ... 137
c) Biosynthesis ...................................... 138
d) Metabolism ........................ 139
0 • •• • • •• • ••• • • • ••
e) Mechanism of Action............................... 140
5. Further Inhibi tors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141
6. Ethylene............................................. 141
References .............................................. 143
VII. Developmental Physiology. By Professor Dr. GUNTER
FELLENBERG. . .•• • ••. • •. . . . .. .. . . . .. . . •• .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. .•. 147
A. General Aspects of Plant Development .•............... 147
1. Cell Cycle........................................ 147
a) Control of Cell Cycle.......................... 147