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Forts Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan PDF

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U| A06 BjpUIUDO MMM : a)|Sq3M Uj 3{U©ij33'J!P : Ijsuja ZC9880SZ-U-1-6 : '00E608SZ-U--16 : auoqd S/0 OH-Wiaa WON E)iJB»a '/-joioas ‘v-st ONiNivyi onv saoanosaa ivanimo aod 3aiN30 TROT % rTW f^fcTOT Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan k M M F'l <MfgrH % rTOT ^fcTOT Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan m .. fljS ’ £& tf :: Jp' m rMM r R'rSSs^iT ^|g& v.,- iff 'InMk 11 *’'2$ i 'EM h jf r®j 11 2 m si iSl Sit <*a - > v- M % W FORTS, PALACES AND HAVE LIS OF RAJASTHAN tottto % mPv^hI ak 3 fkrro ww to Rt TOtrotfroR frofTORTOT to r1 Rajasthan, situated in the western region of India has a diversity «’*<*> fa 3 to) TO^rot f i ,H^i)rd=h frorotroTOTTOf ^ to'^rf Tfrffa r) tototItoto of geophysical features which add to the richness and variety of its cultural expressions. It has the Aravalli range of mountains, TO TOhTI 'Mild ^*^=5, 'TO TOT TTOTOt Midi M-IITOI t'l TO! TOlMdl M^idHIdl, forested valleys, lakes, wild life sanctuaries and the desert sand- TO ^ 3TTTOfTO TOfrorf, TOT TOk, 3TTOTTOT TOTOT klWIH TO k dunes. Pakistan and Punjab and its history dates back to ancient % Zt^ frok t'l TOTTTO % ZTOT ^ ^ TOk % RTTOTO fTOR) TTtTOTTO TOR times. Kalibangan, an Indus civilization site in northern Bikaner, TOTOT TOTfRTTOTTO TOT T|TOt t, TOTOf TOTTRT ^TORT TOTTOk RTTOT TO tiTOTT f3TO tl was an important walled city of the Harappan period. Above all, tort) TOkrkr TO Rry+idlH to’totot % Rrotk RTrorkroro f tot fir f i tk Rajasthan (which means the ‘Land of Kings’) is the cradle of kaT To k TOTkkkt k froa to tot toutomIh t klr toto tototI tot distinctive Rajput culture and traditions. TOTOTTOTTO TO TO*} i- TTTOTTOf TO TORI TOf eft TTRJTO TTTOhfa Ref TOTTOTOTOf From the seventh century A.D. to nineteenth century A.D., the TO kk TTOT t'l history of Rajasthan witnessed the rise and fall of the Rajputs. The word ‘Rajput’ is derived from the term ‘Rajaputra’ which means TOTOTTOTO TOTekf TOTTOTRl k tfRT ZhI TOdl TOI®{I TO TO TRTTOR TO ^fTOTTT ‘sons of kings’. They trace their descent from the lineage of the TTRJTOt' % ZTTOTTO TR TOT TO TOTTOt TTOT tl TFRJTO TO 3T«f t, TRTT TO TJTOI sun and the moon and belong to kshatriya-the warrior caste. The t TORT ZTTOTO Tjt TR' TO ^ TOTTOT t kk TO^T TOTfa TOfTOTO k TOTOTO TO§t Rathors of Bikaner and Jodhpur, Gahlots and Sisodias of Udaipur ti RtRkr ktr klTO^r % <idl<, rr k TOrokk tr fkktftTOT totot tort and the Kachhawahas of Jaipur are Suryavanshis, clans claiming k RT5TOTTOT TTOTO Rt Tjtkft TTTOT TOTOTOTTO TR TO TORT TORt t, TOTOfk descent from Lord Rama. The Bhattis of Jaisalmer claimed to be ^TTRtT % TOft 3Rt Rt TOTOft TORt tl R% TORRT TO TOt TOR TORT Chandravanshis, of lunar descent. It is said that the Chauhans, t fTO ktTOR, TTtRTOt, TORT TOTOT kTTTO TOnfTO k #TO TOR TOfa k TOfTOTO Solankis, Paramaras and the Deoras emerged from the sacred TOpH^k k TOTOT fir tl firepit or Agnikunda on the summit of the holy Mount Abu. TOefTOR TRTTTOR k fTOTOTO t 3kR TOR *1, kfRTO ZTOt k kTOlf (fTOftTOR Although there were a number of states in the present day Rajasthan, the three most prominent were Mewar (Chittorgarh TOTOT TORT^T), TOltr (TOPJT) TOTOT TOTTRTO (ttTOfT, tTOdk kk and Udaipur). Amber (Jaipur) and Marwar (Jodhpur, Jaisalmer krokr) t tk RR tl ^fTOTTT t TTTOT-TTTOT TO TTTOJeff % TOf)— kk iTO and Bikaner). Time and again, Rajput strongholds such as Chittor, froffe, tTOTTO, TOTOTOkk, TOTTRTO TOTOT TOR TTORf TO mPTO'ITO TOTTOTOT RTOt Tt Mewar, Ranthambor, Marwar and many others were attacked by tl TOTOfTO RTORt t t-TO. RK^mT TOTTRt t TOTT TOfTOTO Mtft t |r. TOTSTOf Muslim armies. Mahmud Ghazni in the eleventh century A.D. and TOTTRt % TOTT f TTTORlt TO TORTOT fTOT «1l TOT % TORR ^gsj-TO,-tk Mohammad Ghori at the end of the twelfth century A.D. attacked the tRTO t 3RrtT TO TORTT 3TTfTOR TOR iRR Rl state of Rajputana followed by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak who beseiged Ajmer. Alaud-Din-Khalji in fourteenth century A.D. captured the t-M. Rtrok' TOTTRt t TORREZ feRTOf t RTTOktT TORT PddW % fTOdf TO toIrtott tor froro ri grot tottoto tort tor froftftR Trgro rr rr % Fort of Ranthambor and Chittor. In sixteenth century A.D., the #TO t.TO. TftTOTOTOt TOTOlRt TO TTOTTOR t TOTOTTTR ^ f3TO R, fTOTRft TOfRTfTO battle of Khanwa was fought between the Mughal Emperor, Babur and Sisodia chief, Rana Sanga, which ended in a Rajput defeat. TTTO^TOt TOft TOTTTOTO TO ff *ftl fTO% # TOTOTO RTORTT^ TORT % TOtt 3TTORT Shortly after, Babur’s grandson, Akbar established supremacy t TOTTTOTTO TOR tTOTTO TO fTOTOTO RR TOft TOR TOTTOTOTR TOR TOt TOR TITO'jiHKl over both Marwar and Mewar and married a Rajput princess of ^ Id TOMS TOTT fTOR TOi, fTOTOt TOR t 3TTtT ^TO TO TOTTTOTO fTOTRI the Kachhawaha clan, which ruled over Amber region. Mewar ^TOT¥ The Gahlots, later known as the Sisodias, migrated from Gujarat JJ,R<ld 't *l6dld TOTOT % did TOR TTTOTTRTO % TOfTOTO-1^ f?TOt and occupied Mewar, which lies in the south-east of Rajasthan. tTOR TO 3TTTOTT TOTO TOTO «f eft t fTOTOlRdl TORTOTt TOt ^1 ZTOt TRfRT Their earliest inscription in Rajputana is dated 646 A.D. yNlddM fTOTTOT^TO iTO 646 RT tl tRTO Rt R#T TOTOft fTOdl^d^ f tTTO Chittorgarh, the ancient capital of Mewar, has a magnificent fort fRTOTtTOtZT TOff^TO t TOR TOR fReTOT t, fRTORt TTtRTOf t TO %RTO 3kR TO1TOT with thirteen kilometres of battlements which encloses not only t, TOfdR it^-fTTt TOt t, TOft 3TTOTRT TTOtTOt Rt TOTTOt ^tR RTlt tl ddTSMl palaces but also lakes and reservoirs that can support thousands ReTRft % TOR t Rfk 35 TOTOf TOR Iddl-SdC TOT R1TR RTi R^ TORT of inhabitants. Kumbha, who ruled Chittorgarh for thirty-five years ^TR t TOTOT TRTOeTORTOTT % d*^1, 'tt fR TOftRt cRTOJT t ^TTOTOTTOTO from mid-fifteenth century A.D. onwards was responsible for several architectural achievements, such as- Fort Kumbhalgarh in fftRn, w^z 3tt^ ft srrrr fftRn, fftftfefR fern rr 73ft MJra southern Udaipur, Fort Achalgarh in Mount Abu, the Victory Tower at Chittorgarh, and for the innovations and additions to the Fort at -+WIH ft 3*3 ttr ftl fftftU'i<i % fft# 3 ftl h4]h)4,{ui ^rcjri «ni Chittorgarh. ft^rs #1 Trsmpft ft TsiHMfta fftift Rift ft y Ah ftl' ft ftfti rr Chittorgarh was invaded three times by the Muslims before the ##533 33 31TsH'Mul fftRl «nI 73f 1303 ft fftr# ft? W 31HH<1h capital of Mewar was shifted to Udaipur. In 1303 A.D. Alaud-Din- fed41 4 ##5 ## 3RT #3 fw # 3cft 3lftt 3#ftftl ft IftRTF ft? 3#3 Khalji, Sultan of Delhi, laid seige to Chittorgarh in an attempt to ft fftftU'l<2 RTt ft3 #31 «m marry the famous beauty, Rani Padmini, the wife of Bhim Singh. Bahadur Shah of Gujarat attacked Vikramjeet of Chittorgarh in TpSRTcT ft? ^TW ^ 1533 4' fftftU'ld ft? fftsfcMftld 33 1533 A.D. In face of defeat, Rani Karnavati, a Bundi princess 3HlsbHU| fftRH 31 331 RR fft*3ftld R?1 #11 513ft Tfftl ftl ftl ftfti #t led the Jauhar in which many women and children sacrificed IM'JHld <141 <+)utddl 4 ftf3 ft-^ftl RR «lfel % 733 #51 idvHI 311 H'K their lives. However, her own child, Udai Singh was smuggled 71# Rift'd d) RH 3T3R?1 ft?R7 3RRfft5 f## 3R?R RR 331 *11, 41 R1R ft out, and he lived to inherit the throne of Chittorgarh. In 1567, fR#53R 33 RRTlfRRTRl R31I 7Ff 1567 ft "5331 W 3TR?R7 4 fedW'la; A.D., the Mughal Emperor, Akbar beseiged Chittorgarh but #1 ft7 fedi «n. 4fed <mi ^^Ahs fe41 y<+iK rr Pi=t>cii 331 <$nd Udai Singh managed to escape and founded Udaipur, the new capital of Mewar. The rulers of Mewar were known for their 33337 #1 rwu #1 #1 ftf, 41 ftRR % wr4 4 3#3i yRnn rirrf resistance to the Muslim invaders. However, compromise with IRRftftf ft #51 #31, 337 3dSR7 illdl# 4 333# 73R5 ft? RTRR Fl4t' the Mughals in the seventeenth century A.D. reduced the threat 33 73371 RTF# RR # 331 31, fR3lft 531 #fft R3R 4 R1 # 4 TUft^dR) of invasion and enabled them to devote more time for cultural dfdftlftRTt #1 RRTRl ffteRI pursuits. dRRjJt ft 3#R? #R 3R3 t, # R51 ft? S'IIRRiT % ftM ftR #t R#ft The city of Udaipur has several beautiful buildings that speak t'l fft# ft#R-313#, 337-35R go#' oft TMIRd R?R1 331 WJdf #1 of the aesthetic taste of its rulers. The City Palace is a blend of Mughal decorative art and Rajput military architecture. It is a ftftlR? RITcjRidl ft? fftf33 OR OiT RR? ftR7 RRI5<u| f| fq#d! #01 % massive edifice built on the shores of Lake Pichola. The walls fftTdft 03 R31 35 RR? tftw 000 ftl 53TR?1 RI571 #Rlft ftl# 3?37 Oil on the outside are built of thin slates of sandstone and covered Mdetl MldVfeft ft «h! ft 331 30 03 R^RRi# 00 #3 30 fed I 001 ft I with the finest possible white plaster work. In the interiors, marble dl'dftd. OF! ft fftRlft Oil 3300303 ft OOTOT OOT ft 331 30 03 R31R? OTlft has been used for the walls. They are profusely decorated with 00' OTlftt 0f30T3 ft? ftlOO ft 71RT33 foftOO fOOf, 3?3T0l' #3 3T0lftft[' oft glasswork, inlay work, paintings depicting celebration of festivals, fftfOO f#OT 001 ftl processions and scenes showing the life in the royal household. Jag Niwas or the Lake Palace of Udaipur is a small island of cool f# 0003 fwtOO #d # 0*0 ft OR t0O131 # ftl ?000 ftlO# OTlftl oftOR marble set amidst Lake Pichola. It was a summer resort for the ft? TTffrftf ft 3# % fcorr foroi 001 011 oftoio ft ^ft fttod ft oftoffto OR members of the royal household which has now been transformed fftoi OOl ftl into a Hotel. OFTftftR oftol 001 OF# 00 ogi 7RJf ft, oil ft30 cTOOl ft, 010I ft# ft Jag Mandir is cluster of pavilions and palaces which seems to ft3 3F1 fttl god OlOW w?i ft or 3Toft fool Rftoft # f03^ foftlo be floating on the surface of the lake. It was in Jag Mandir that Emperor Shahjahan sought refuge when he rebelled against his fORl Ol ftl 30ft Wl R0ftfft3 ft OROl eftt Oil father, Jahangir. 3TT^T Amber F*7T 7>MI«0 4 + e5dli7l TRiJTT 377^7 4' 7?R W\ «R The Kachhawahas established themselves in Amber around the twelfth and thirteenth century A.D. Jai Singh II succeeded his father fefrq TW ^ *Ft 37TJ R 377^7 *FT 37T7Tf*7*F77t 37FT *7TI 77^ 1727 R 37R as ruler of Amber at the age of eleven. He shifted the capital from Wit TRRpft *Ft 377^7 3 7*7IHl'dRd F77 W[7 R 7*77^777 *Ft *ft, Rt 1% Amber to the plains, where he built a new city, Jaipur, in 1727 A.D., 1Frrat % ftf 3 ii ^rrj7 R3777 RftI, iqftm, 7wrar which is popularly known as the ‘Pink City’. The principal building material used for the fortress, palace complex, observatory and 77*77 37R Wfi *Ft Wl 3 WJ7 % TWh facRt ^ ^ Fc*77 7T*77 ^7777717 other buildings is rubble and plaster along with the local grey stone *FT ^Hld Rf*77 TRT «TTI dcF^lcf YT?7 *Fl FFTPrl SUFT 3RH *FFl % found near Jaipur. A rusty pink paint rather than cream has been AlR ‘Jell 41 777 Tl 7777 TAll used over the plaster which gives a pink hue to the buildings. Jai Singh II, an astronomer and a mathematician, planned the city T^RlfW fgTTk ^ WTfeT WRt 77*77 Tjfuid^ *7TI 3774 dc4dcd1d <717^*41 of Jaipur keeping in mind the aesthetic norms and conforming to 47t M 77fc%T75t % fWTT *Ft *ZfH R 77§ *F7 Wj7 *Ft %3RT *Ft the architectural style of the period. A strong wall encircles the 411 ^PJ7 % RTTt cTW T3of7 H'Jiqd 77t177-'{lc7K ’t 4*77 <MH6cl mRtk A city in the heart of which is the City Palace. Within the palace 4*7?T7e7T-47777-4777 #1 *74 7F47 47*7f774 £177 RtRlTl 47*7 4*7477477371 4 4 4*77 complex there is an observatory-the Jantar Mantar. It is one of the five observatories built by Jai Singh II. The others are in Delhi, tl 3F*7 4*74IIHIlf tWt, TT«JTI, 77*77 *77747771 4' tl FFR *74 *4*7171 % Varanasi, Mathura and Ujjain. Adjacent to the palace walls is the 7Fll*7 ft RT7irH4 % 3717777 % 377747*7 W *747 fPsTFTl ?*7T *7?e7 tl ?71% Hawa Mahal, a pyramidal facade of five storeys. It allows free 3 3717ft ^T fR ?ft7R TWt tl flt-ftt RTSjf f RsljjRM! tl movement of air which keeps the building cool. It is made up of ?TTtt *7f7777 *74 xri%7H|i/ <?TS7 cf4 *|R|R|(V*7T t^T RTTcft *ft, *7*77 *77?7 small compartments, each with a window through which the women of the royal household could watch processions in the public street % did d-t Rtf t^3 *7t4 *ll seated in the airy jharokhas without being seen themselves. HK<7Ij£ Marwar 7R7*TR % mRm4I 47*7 f *777 *777 4f77^ RPlT-dH tl ft *717=114 *Fft On the western border of Rajasthan lies the formidable expanse of tl f77 44 *1 did y^^d d‘l1 tl *Sfl*7*J7 77*77 flddll t 7ldl< d^l dot the Thar desert formerly known as Marwar. This region has three important cities, Jodhpur and Bikaner dominated by the Rathor 447*7717 t 77*77 t7777*ll f Flfedt dftl f*7 TfNt *7*771 dft ft*7tf77=h ft«7f77 t clan and Jaisalmer by the Bhattis. The location of these cities Wf dlT^didl dft ^Rddl dt dFlfdTT fed? tl Fddf dft ^dKK ddFt has influenced their architectural styles. Jali screens have been % fdR; ttdTTf t 'dlfddT dd dddfd dfdTdTT ^ f^dT ddT tl fd ^d dft extensively used as panels in large areas of the walls to make dl'T^ddl dft ddl 37^7 fddtdTd d«R fd dt t, dft 37^dld>K ttt fd the building airy. Another prominent feature of architecture in this dTdTddt dft 37tdt tl dddt % fd*-lful t f77 ^d t IdW d7d7 dd dgdldd region is the protruding chajjas carved almost to a semicircle to cover projecting balconies. Sandstone is the basic building R fTtdTR ^37T t, ddtfd7 d?«77 d7 dTdfHd ddt TH^ddl R fdTdT W material used for construction in this region. It is easy to work on, 7TdT7fT tl making it conducive for decorative carving. dftdy % 7T7S7Tdd7 TTd dftdT t tdTFFTd dd fdRd dddTdl *711 dd fddd Rao Jodha, the founder of Jodhpur, built the Mehrangarh Fort fTRT *dl t fd7 ddR YldT dft 77tdT dft t^l RI TTddTT tl ?7ft fddd% t Tftdt which is so high that one can see the boundaries of the city. It houses some of the most intricately adorned palaces-the Moti H5d 7T*7T ^>cd dddT ':tt y-^7 dd 'R 37dffdT 37td7 H5<d tl H6dl dft Mahal and the Phool Mahal-with exquisitely carved panels and dfdR 7T«7I RdSfdTdf dttd dd R dcdfM tl latticed windows. 77d dft*7T % 75^ dd dtdd t 77^ 1485 t dtddt7 d77TdT *711 f77dd Tfd’ Rao Jodha’s sixth son, Bika, found the city of Bikaner in 1485 dd7dduf 37TdTtd ^dTdd dd fdRd t, fdR dTdW 37d7d7 % dd^ A.D. Its outstanding attraction is the Junagarh Fort, build by Rai 'RdTdfd 7F7f77d t fdftd dTTdTdT *711 f77% dTTf dTdl 73T| t d*7T ?77 fdl^ Singh, a general at the Court of Akbar, the Mughal Emperor. It is encircled by a moat and contains palaces that are beautifully tf d>t H5d t, dt fdl ddd dfSTTT dfddT37f, Tddf 7T*7T dttd dloikK dddf embellished by hand carved friezes, pillars and delicate Jali ■R ^?ftfdd tl screens. HKRIR % ell'll -I'kI ARtI y IrH 4a<'11H RTFR Ril RKSrI Rdl®{l Jaisalmer, one of the oldest of the three cities of Marwar, was founded by Rawal Jaisal of the Bhatti dynasty in the twelfth century 3' Rff RRT % RRRT %RR1 ^ RRTfRR f%RT STTI R^ WT R%lR>l RR A.D. It is situated directly on the ancient caravan routes that came mIRRAI TrfRTRT ^ RTRT ^ f%RTf RAT RTAR RRT 3Tt1 RTRl eRimftAi Rhf from Africa and West Asia to Delhi and Agra. The merchants AT fTAA tl AR ^imd TRjTg fti eft R%% RFT AT sHtHRl RAT Rflj prospered on trade and built a number of havelis. ‘Haveli’ is a F^eft A ATR: RTT-AfR AfTRTT TF^ f'l F%ft A ARR fRRRl ATA RA courtyard building in which four or five families live together. <S H a! 11 o4(m,r^l Tl ‘lei ‘jellRild R>Rf % PelR fRTRT RTAT AT RAT *M<) Sometimes the ground floor was used for meetings with traders or for commercial purposes and the upper floors as residence for the Hpdell AT AfTRTT TF^ «ll FR ARAT Aft RT^ F%7RAt Aft Ph <n I ATT RR> families. Several havelis formed a mohalla, all of whose residents HUertil RART AT, Prr4 ATR: ART % W AT? ^srRATR % eftn TF^ were of the same caste and followed a similar occupation. The «tl FA% RRTFRA ARRf Aft F%ft, ReftA fAF RTf F%ft RAT classical example of havelis are the Patwaon ki Haveli, Salim ATS-JART Aft F^eft tl Singh ki Haveli and Nathumal’s Haveli. 4Ad*U % feel 3 99 ^ tl fR% Aft fRRTTRT FfRlff Aft %RRT AcAT % Jaisalmer’s Fort has ninety-nine bastions. The massive walls of the fort have been built stone block without using any cementing RRTFf 3 RATRT ART t, fRRf Atfe 3RfR ATT dydVl Rtf fRTRT ART tl material. RTRTJT TTR %A Bharatpur and Deeg R<0^< TFSAJATAT ATRFR R FtRTT Rid RATA All <HR 1722 t 3hi*1< % <IRI Bharatpur was not a Rajput kingdom, but one dominated by the Jats. In 1772 A.D. a Jat called Badan Singh was crowned king of AAfRF tgeffR t RTR f%tF ^fRJA ARpt RT 'tTTR-K TARA ATR RRA 1% Aft Deeg by Jai Singh II of Amber as a reward for suppressing the ttA ATT RAT AtfAR fRTRT ATI AIR RAT ATRy % RtRf fATeff ATT fRApR ARR Jat rebel, Churamun. The Forts at both Deeg and Bharatpur were fAF t RRRTRT AT RAT ARAfAF % 'JR TJTAAeT t ttA A RFRfl RR fRRW built by Badan Singh, and it was Suraj Mai, Badan Singh’s son, RTTRTRT ATI t AFRT Rt ■gRRT-RSJTRf % #R Atet M^t ArAT RAT A%F who built the palaces at Deeg. The palaces are built of pale cream sandstone and white marble and are set in large formal Mughal ■HMHTAT ^ RRTR; RR ?tl fR§JR fR RFcf Rrft 'RRRRTT RRT RRf^RRT R7t gardens. They are ranked by some scholars as next to Taj Mahal t^3t 1R, IRRTt ^eRRT RftfS dNH^d ^ Rift tl in beauty and symmetry. RTRTWRt 4fldl«*0 3ftR) TFRRR RfTRFRt tf RRR Rft RTTSRt tl RSlPn 'fR The eighteenth century A.D. saw the decline of various Rajput RReT t RRR fRRpR ttRT TFT, RR7 RRft Rftt ^teflJld fRRRR «jPR‘|1r< kingdoms. Though building continued but there was little stylistic development. Quarrels over succession made these States Rtf 1[3RI RRTTfRRRf % RR^ % FRfff % RRRR t RTRFR RTRRtT vulnerable to attack by the Marathas and Muslims. Meanwhile, Rt RRT Wt RRRR RTTRl 3fk ^PPcdhT Rf 3RRRRR % Rfst Rtl ftt RtR the British were expanding their dominion in India. Between 1817 RffpR Rt RTRR t 3Tqt R^JtR RtRRlTt*tlRR,1817R 1823 % and 1823 A.D. several Rajput states, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jaisalmer, RWT 3ffR7 RTRfejR TFRf, f% RfR^f, RRR’Jf, %RRT%, RtRR%, ^tt. Bikaner, Bundi, Kota, Sirohi and Kishangarh signed treaties with rRrT, Rultt RRI f%RTRRR t 3ftRt % RTR RTRRT Rpf I RR^ 1947 t the British. In 1947 A.D. when India became independent from RR RTTR 3fthtf % R,J^ ^ RRdR f3R eft RRt RRR RRcftR RFTRR British rule, the rulers of the Princely States joined the Indian Union. f RTTfRRT tt RTtl amjNc^i % fcrq; toftttorf jiTrifarfkRTT Creative activities for school students and teachers ft ^rr 3 fro to 24 trIr frorf Rrt tot rto rt toto % frort The 24 pictures provided in this package can be displayed in the TOrR^i TOTR TO y<n#td RR RRT^ f I FT fRRj' Rif TOT Rc^ TO TOTT RR classroom or any prominent place in the school. The pictures may be stuck on cardboard with the title and description in FTRR RfHRT ctstt fro % Rt# fron rrt -gro Irrto #r wnk tor # Rt regional languages. It can also be studied indepth with activities Itor rrt^ ti RrortR rtot % ffyfror rtor Rrt <mito RRf % fro; tot that bring out the educational value of Indian art. The teachers R frof Rif Rrorf 3 torr tot fwft' % tor sttorr rr tort! t, Rt ft# can work with a few pictures at a time ensuring ‘students’ TORfRR ffl TORIRTOIR <qt Rf# qp^ R^ Jifdfdfferzff 3 tJTRf R?t flpHPdd enjoyment in learning by involving them in some activities RR frof to rr# rr tor# ti ft# to# r# rtr # tor-tor totrr suggested below : HHKto Rt #RTI In a large outline map of India, mark the sites of various forts, RTF# #3T3Tt' RT# TO % R# TORR % HHlRR R# #f RRT TOT# #RT #T palaces and havelis of our country. Find out the location of the fRfroR gnf, rf# rrt frI/h# % tottr! r# 3ff#R r#i forts and palaces and havelis given in this package. ■aR % ^lT RRT HFcll RTT RTtRRR RR TORI PtrWt RRRT# qi# TTRTRTt # Make a study of the forts and palaces in India and collect information R# # RHR>k1 H+BlR R#| T-HKRj % fRRfal RTRR RRT R#RR RR #f of the kings, emperors who built these forts and palaces. Find out RRT RTTOfl F#' # TORfRR PHHPdPyd fRRRf #T R# # #t RMRI# TJ^rfRcT the dates of these monuments and the purpose for which they R# i were used. Collect the following information : — Climate of the location of the building. — TOR % #R fcjJplq R# TORRFJI — Natural surroundings, rivers, mountain range and the flora — TOffR, R#t, #F-qt# rrt q#t and fauna. — FT Pr>ci) R# RRT# Rl<# RRT TO*-) <F# Rl<# crttR RRT TOTRR oqocHN — People, who built and lived in these forts, their occupation, 3TTfqi etc. — TOT RRcl RR TOTtR, •JRT, RTRRT, Rficq RxRI 3TTf#l — Music, dance, drama, craft, etc. of the period. - #R fR#R #T #cft-#RRT, #tRf#RT RTRT#, RqtFR TtfR-fTORtl — Customs, festivals celebrated in the region and the myths associated. Tp TO TOTTOt % froP RiP ~^3 RR FT% pTO-fRR RTO^I Make a sketch/rough outline of the monuments from the pictures R^RRiTeT % RTfRRl/ffcIFRTRFRf/RTOTRiRp 'P FT ^%Rp R RRf TORp RR provided in the cultural package. TORRiP' RiP ^RT RRT ^ RTpR F^P TOfTO ^RpRp RRT TRRTOP RiP fTOR RR The forts, palaces and havelis mentioned in this package were TOpiS TJXT ’I''1 TOT ^RTRp TO TORTOf Rip HR)Bid RR RR^P' RffpR FT TOTRf RiT visited by a number of travellers/historians/artists in the medieval ■^PhPto toPr rri totrP % rtr % rtotto ^p RRfroi period of Indian history and these people have left a vivid and pRfror to! rPP tototPr rPrrt rr sterrr rr rrrPP ftoto rtot ^P' interesting account of these monuments including the drawings/ sketches. Collect such travelogues/memoirs/sketches. Notice RTOTRTR tell fro I 'EF. RT RiT^R RiT fRR ^RR RRI RR RTr4 interesting details in these travelogues such as the style of fPTOfRRTf RRI RTOTRf RiP RTOJRRR % fRRTO RiP Rp TOTpRI description, pronunciation of places and the surrounding areas of RlW* TOTOT RFiP TrTOTRT monuments of that period. RRp RR? RiT RRT TfP R^RR TOfcTT f pRi RTpR ^6d< TO TTR^P ^fpRR fTOI FT Collect and study the various ground plans of different forts and RRP RRp RR RTTO TiR, ^ fRi STATOR RRT R«TO, RlR: ^fTOTPPTO, 3Rf«pRi, find out the similarities. Similar studies of ground plans can also be made of your school, home or college showing windows, doors TOT^pRRi 3pk RF RRi pRi RpRppRTRi RiTTRlP tP TOT-^Rp ^ fTOTO TTOTT 't'l Ri^ riWri PPPr-PPrtr to tokPp RTffe ^rfR tP ^ RT®rr ^ rPPrr and other architectural details. Understanding Religious Concepts % 3RRR RiP °RRd RRp fll RTR: TO RTOT % RTppRi pRTORTt P 3RTp TO % RiF^RiiPf, gf^rorf to Pr^torP RiP rrtPrr Prrtt ti ftP Rtor rtoPrPP' All religions aim at helping us to lead better and richer lives. The outward manifestations of religion such as rituals, customs differ ■p TOT Rp Tp TTRpRR PtoPr RcPpRiP RR fTpTOT RRp ^ TRRRiP RPP from one another for historical, economic, political and even geo¬ TRFTT RPP ^1 physical reasons. Many religious rituals and ceremonies are linked STaRTRRRM 3TRp UTRp' RiP TOR % RTpRp TO pRpTOT TO? RR 3TTORR with the annual agricultural cycle and celebrations of life. Religious RRp RiP Rip'l RTR # TOTp Pr\, '4fe, ^RT^, ?KdlH, ipR RRT PPTO TOpR TO beliefs have influenced the architects, sculptors and painters of the by-gone era to create beautiful monuments using specific symbols Rp Pi RTp Pf RTRRRpP gRlP Pi PTO PP 4ipl and motifs pertaining to each religion. ctK^txni R RRR RK % Rf R R^ftl tat f I Invite your students to study the religions and people of India and R«R tRRT Rft f^nsif ^ 133 RtfaR RH Rt R^k f, fRR% collect information on each religion such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism and others. R1* 3 R^t-R^t Rjtf ^ Rffl ^R f| ^T Rff 3 wj#R RT RRT slH^*t RT®? ^("4 R h<> 5'il 3rifq R scrtrl<9 STidl T?l Ancient texts on architecture describe a variety of forts. Durg or fort is a fortified building which many times encompasses whole RR^ 3TR % fsff^R Rf R Rfk W>ff #g RT ^fatfRR RTR 3R1PR cities within its walls. In these texts, there is mention of land, hill, fedl R RTR t RRT R# sfo fRfa Rt RFRitrll % $fd^l-H cTR WR water or island and also forest and desert forts. R>K % rT % ST^R-T ^ R#| Students can be taken on educational tours to nearby forts or asked to study the history of architecture of a specific region. ^T % fkfRt RTf fT«TT ReTt % Q.ld^lRrl'^h f^RTO R RFf-ijtRT RR Conduct a Project on the historical development of forts and rT cT^TT H5<rll Rt MW dxrll ^ qfkfRT dd>dldil 5fl«0 Rt jTjFdR ddiq palaces in our country. rt Rrk toi sr«t kt %}#', Rf, wfte, rrr, gir Rf^i Make a booklet of the terms associated with the architecture ^t ^ fkfRr Rf r' Reft % twi % Rt rt RTRTtt urIr rt of forts and palaces with their meaning. Some terms like turret Rrt% Pqqd "4 <*>Sldl fkl<s! I design, elevation, battlement, rampart, parapet, etc. can be included. =bcrHdi Rt' fR 3R rt*RRTeT % rtklrt fRrtt «|| ftrtfrt k Find out all that you can know about the names of different forts wrwi, ^iitid, cr«rr rrrtt % ri k' Rrt RtcR % Rt k' fknii and palaces of our country and write a story how these were fo# ^f R Red frtqfrt ^ rTr RrtT Rt R RR fRtrt % rtrttrt % named. rtrt-rtrt ^ Hlcichld RT W Rtl Imagine you lived in the fort in the medieval times and describe your life as an architect, emperor, common man. frtfrtR Rf, rtRTf rtR ^RrT Rt rt#t Reft RT ijfeiR ^Rt Rt, fRTrtf rtrtk RpR rtrtt RRTRf Rpd rttl R Rrtf % feTTT 3TR ff%R if fR R Dramatise the events involved in the construction of the fort or a palace and enrich with music of the period. fRf R rtt RfrtTR Rt rtR^ tl Make a scrap book displaying different forts, palaces and havelis Rrttrt RrtRf if it Rf R rtlrtff % dk Rk-RTlft cd«TT ^PdddT R with important descriptions. You may choose pictures from this RJ6 Rtl package also. frtfrtR «Nf‘ Rt RTrtR RedI ^ RfRT 33^|dl' % Ri| cTR fR R^kd Collect references/quotations from ancient books on forts and Rt'l palaces. ^T k' RT '^’f, Red cT«dT I^lRTT RR^ TRT3Tf' R RTf % dk Collect pictures and references of the rituals connected with the architecture in different regions. RTfRf fRi'l Write stories of important dynasties, emperors who built beautiful 3Tqk ^T % farfRT fRdk' R 3TRR R R#' kPk ^ R Rt % forts, palaces and havelis in our country. 3TRR RftRg; R^ : Conduct a study of various forts in our country and categorize 3RfR these monuments as per the following : #qfa fff Natural Fort Hd1 Island Fort Desert Fort Mountain Fort RTZ ,qfk R^ ^fl Land Fort .•a CENTRE FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES AND TRAINING 15-A, Sector-7, Dwarka, New Delhi -110 075 Phone : 91-11-25309300, Fax : 91-11-25088637 email : [email protected] website : www.ccrtindia.gov.in tl dF feen dTTdd t dTtJdTFT FTTTfef fe dffe Tdfe fe fefe 9. fedfer 8TF, fefenjT, TTTSTRTTd TT^IR % TT2TT ^ id ill Tfe fe feiy, ddTdT ddT am fel dddd T7T feel dt feldT T7T dddT Tdddd ?TF feTdd ft felFt wftdf dTT TdJF t, fe TT^ 1899 ft dfe dt aft fe dF fefe Tt dan "JFdd 3TdT d 3d Tfel 3TTdffe dFTTTfe feddd fdF fFdtd dft fejfd ft fftfftd aft| fet dT ddi fed t dftdl’ dTeH fed fe ffeneTdd tW t t ddT did ‘dddTd’ dTST ft fedy fe dTTddft fe tel fdd dt tl ft dTIFt WfTdT feTdd ft 1. 3dftr feT ffeetT, fedftT, TTfeTSJTd dl dRTTd fet % FfddTT dTTTTfe t dfe df aft. dTT ^dd fel ftddd dnddft dft TdTTdT t, fe Fddft TPjfd ft fdfftd dft df fe| dd TTdTdT tl 3dTdeft dftddlell ft fefe[T ft 11 tfe. dt. <£ daMISI TTSnjcff dit 10. fftfe ftfed, FfefeJT, TT3TWR fefttd TTdfeftt 3nftr ftatd f I 31dTdT % TWJd ftdldPd TJ3n 5. -del Mgel, FTTdJT, TTSTRirR FFd^T dft TfeddT dFTTRT FFdfdF ft dft fe dfe dF fedft ft 250 did fdF % ddfe ft Fd Pdiel^dl dFeT dTT fftdfd s[3TT fel Fft fed dtdJT dt ddT dtdTT t dTFT SFldT H6et) fe ddd tl dfed fe Pbell41 d< ^T tl dFTTFfefe dd dF ffeelT Pdfeell FfteT fe fdTdft dT <a-sl dft<ye dT 3iitKti*n Tfe ft ■PtPErt tdlfel dfel an I ddfd feft ft|ft t STTdTT-dFf dT fttlfedT TTdl d?eT tl TTT dFeT dTT fedfe dfe fftld tl dFeT dd fel dftdT d^d t dfe dF TTdTFF 3?!t ftddTdT ft ■?fteT ft $<H<bi dfe Fddft 41ei<T dd yfctfiM ftm an ddidi ti Fdftr TddftF dt deft fe fepr dTTdTdT ddT an (fed f ^fedfeT dtf ddldT ddT tl Fdfe Fife dftftf ft Sdddftfed fedl' dTeft dtdlt' tl elft ft<Pd TJdFt HTdilft dft TTdfdiR Tfe 4 feldH % fedT "dan fed t) I Ttl ddTR FTR-fe ft 3dftc ddT 3lftdT ddf dft dTdR ftt tl Fdfe dTFd did dT fed Td tl ftft dF Pbell ejfefd^eal tl dfe dTTeT dft TSTTdefe died % ftoRui % Wd ftldT an dddd tl TTTd TTdffardT dFTdfe del dFeT t, feddiT ferfd ddltdd ftr fed dleT ft sldie Fdd fefe fdTdl an ddldT tl dfe Tlisl ddfe df Tift Fdft dtdld-ft-3nd, ftfdld-TT-TdTd, SlftdT dFel. dtd dan dfrjd ddT fedd Til el dTd TTIdT fe dfe fedT ddT am tl dldd -#T fe dTd-Tnai TJTd dteT dl tl dTdd dleT ft ft FtdTT rviilHfui dft fften tftf ftft wrid ftftr ’ft ti 6. FdTT dFeT, 'ddy, TTdTTSTR )pTTd feeTT TTTdT y,<b fet feldT ft (gelfll tl Fd fetdT fe fedT dTdT Fd fib el dTT dftdT diet dTddT dt?! gR (3TTdftdT fftd ft fefftd) FdT dFeT, dd^T dTFT dft ddT "TJTdT dFdTd F dan dFTTTdT TTdTt ddTd al ft-at ft feldT t, ffedft FtdTT me/e/ dan eqfe/ ft fedT fe TTdTdT tl mdffts daR -gRI fedfefeT dfeT an dan feF dfdTd-d;-3nd sfk ffe ft TTd_ 1799 ft Tddd fddfe dTTdTdT dll dF dfe dfe el I ddd Fd dFeT ft STftdT eq STTdTTT fe dFeT dt t'l dftdT dFeT ft dftft dTT ttfed-d;-13Td ftr #d ttaid tl Fdftr £RT Sim dddl feel % TTd’Jd dlTeJ+ell dTT 3PJ3T FdTFdd tl Fddft fe 3dddftdld ejeTldf feFIFT drift t, dt 'JiNJl ffeeTTTT dFeT ft ffefd-T ffeddT dft qsifd feTeT eT^ ffefel fee d*n sifes dft dlefl dfe dfed ZTFed feTeTT feftft dTT fftaft draft ft dftdT dTTdt tl dftdT gR dft fedTt fttfef ft aneft ^dd Idle) dearr ft fet felFfedf feft Ft dddt t. fe fe fepdTsft fe ffed dFet Fd TTfedFeT dTT d^d did tl dTfftdT dFeT drfftdd fe feldl Rasfedl ddlf df aff. dTfe dTlftt dftdR dft ftdfeT ddft 3 dTFT % fet % ffelfeT dd andld fteft tl ITTdft dFeft dl ftfeft 3dlft ft fddfe dan dtdt dFeT fttft % feTTft ftr fftfe yRh»S tl dtd ffeeTTd fdTfeT-dTeTTd ftt!, fdi^d dTFT ft fet dftf d ftS did) I FeldT TT?d yi‘l,Jl dft Tlftft t daiT td dtdT dfeell ft <bqe1 dfedft dFeT ft dfe ft dfedeT dTFlfdftf ftl ^dd ftfeTTI dT tfeffed t dddt dft die;4 ydld dTTd % feiy, fttft dft dafttdTTtt 3TTd Tiap^d fe tJdd 11 Fdl dFeT dd dlld dTd ferft ftfe dT feldT dd dTdTTT dt yield fftelld dFeT ftr ftlT feldT dft ftfeTTt dT fe|d dFtd did ft fteft t, ftfdTd Fd ddd ft dTTFaTFT % ddfe % dW4<bell % fejft fen tl dTTTTd ft FdT dFeT dd fddfe FTTffe fedT ddT an fe fet dlT ffefdd tl fet dFeT ftr Ft-dt fedtfe dan dTWT dft meiei dFeT td- ftFTM^dl Tfededdiell dTT dt ddfetd fedl ddT tl dftdTT dft fetdl' FddT 953 3TTeTT dan fedfedt ft t TTF deleft 3ddTftdT sfk gfe td ft fdfftd tl fedTdTdTsft dft fe Tfe. fdd^ dTFT ft dfe ddf d fe Tfel STfelftdT 2. ^flyi d^ee, 3TTitT dCT fcbcdl, dRdjr, TT3TT2TFT fed ft FdT dFeT dd ’jag dTd fel dT TTdTdT tl FfenjT dTT dF fdfe ftfed ^'iPeldl dfefefe fteft dfe TM^elHl ftfdfe STTftr % feet dd ftdf 4usm ft dPmell t dan Fddft ddT dTdee apt feTT^feen dTT TjdT fdfen tl 7. ftsiHdd fdTeTT, femTJT, TMWIM ftfft ftr ftft t dan Tjdft dd dfftl % fedTI dd ftfft ft tt ftftl 11. Fife ftfed, dfefe^T, TNfyn HSel — Sjaifd^, dffeft dd ddef da|T dtdld-'q-Wff ftafd tl fed^T fel TanddT TTd fed! ft d^ 1459 ft dft aft I dF 235 dl. ftfe tffe d?aR dft ddfe' dT fed t dan ddiJT ft FTTdft fe 386 I4fet fedlfet ft fdftteTT FfteT fedt df aftl Fft-dfe dFTftdf ft ffeft dd fed dffe H6el dd t dan ffldt qlqiO dan t5d R ejtS-'Std fftell41 i< tl dF feeTT ftFTTddd fe dTd ft dffe t, fe ffe ftdpft FTT FfteT fe SlftdT fed dfe SfTTTdTTT feTd-fedtft t dfe dF dfed^T 3TddeI mils'll dit fqRnoi dd t dST dT dddT tl dfel fe dTFT fe ftfdft dft TfefftdT fedlft tl td t 122 dtdT TJTdT fed tl dF d^T ftfet fttdR t fed t ddT ^Jdeldi d dd ddT fedd deny, dit t, dl did dffe ddel ddd FddT 3lftdT dTdftft tl FTTdft fef dtdR dan dTdftft dTTdft dftd ftddTdT ft fdfftd fed fdfed Wt dfffeR feT dfftdl ft TFd dTT d3dT an, tt ddddlt ftdRl t dddTdT 3TRRH til ffedlt ftft t'| tft dt Fdfe TTTd FTdfe t, ddT feaq FTdTdn -dS Ft dFeT fel Fd dFef % wft dfe ftdFfdTdT FfteT dft dTfe TfeTd tl dddl dd tie4 qqrd di<t fe feiq vflt dff dddfeTt add ddpjd tl tl Tffe fe d?d ft fed WT FTdNI dfeFJT dleT dT TJST Fd FfeldTT dftdT dTT dTdf ftddTdT dTT t, eft Td'd ftdTFd d?aTT ft teil t, el fed fd ddd t dTTddtf fe ddd % tfetdTeTT di dijt dddd tl dldTel ftd, dlft ftd, ttddTTdFT ftd dad ftFTTdf ft 3Tefed fdfftd I FTlftr feld fedtfe fe ddfet ^addftfer f d«n dTdt dTfeft ddTR tt- tdddfTT ^ailMcdddl dd tl WT fedT ddT tl tl Fdft7 dfe dfe FIT eftF dteT dT ddt fe ddF dfftdf fe FT«ff fet ft deffTdl Fdftr TWd fdfeRT ft dTdeT ftr ejefl ftr dafe ’Jdd dTTdt 3. ftrt ttfe, dfedfeT, dd^T, TTdRSJTd WT fet dT ddTdt tl fet eftF dteT ft TITdT 3ffdd dR ^sdiT ddft ■Jedlddlftf dft F#ft felft 3TddT fdfdffefe t'l fdftr deTTfe Fd% dfdfe ddRdTd dd dffeS "JeTTdt W ddy 3TTdd t 241 feefltfe ^ dftft diT dddTT el'lldl ffeeft ft ded dTTm f| Tddd dfe FK TJTdf dteT ft Idjftdt dd dTedTfe dt tl fed fdfeRT dft 3Tfe FtdeT dd fed ft ffedT t dan ?t 3TTfe % ddTddT ddTt ddftd t ddTdT am ddT % fe fet Ttfe fet 3TdeT 4Jlel ft fe TTTd FTdTT ft -did tl Fd yfe F dfeT F dfe feF etfe ftefd FtdeT ftr did ft feTdT feTdT tl dad q ffed d? ddeT ttdT qldl< t fed tl ddeT dd ddffedT TTf fe fedftdd ffefe ft dtdt dFef, TTTFt fed! dTT fddTTT-TaiTd TJeT 12. fed ftffeT, FfefeTjr, TTfeTfelfe dfetd ddd dan dHT dfdTR dtddeT t. feddd fedfe 1724-34 dFeT, TTeftd dfe, ’gTeft dfeFT fe dffe, dTTeTdTT fttfe, dTgFT dfe, dfefe^T ft ftfed dF dftdfe fed dffeT ryalell FfteT % feftfepftt ttd dT t fedT ddT am $tl fe del del ddT dT ddT dt dTd) yldM fddTTT dPJFT dft dfe daiT TTdt dTefTd 3ftT 'JeTTd TTTdT dTddT fe fet elleiN dd) 1551 ft fdfftd f3n fe dfe Fddd 'JfefeTddT dfed, feaft^ dTddT ddT tter dTTddT t da[T dtl t TTddTdT dfl ddt ddT ddT fefe ft feTd tl Ifefe dft fedt fed fet ft fdddd t - FdT dffed dFet Fddft dfe ffeffdd dFfeTd tl ffeft dmf ftfe ft fedfeTfel fel feF ddfe efdT dfidt tl dd H6e1 fe dddefld TdT dd STfedddT dTd 3dd dTT dFeT, dddld fe fefeT fdTdTt dTeTT died el ffeeTdd fe dan dFeT dtd ft ttaid 'gdel TandcfedTed dleft ft fdfftd dddl ft ft dfe etdl fe dT8T t td 13TT tl dd? dddT t dd dT^T ttdT TTT dT fed fe ^ ddi feeft effe-fefe Wl tl feFfeTfe Tftd, fel dTfe ft dTfefefe feTFfeFT dT dTd ft dfft^ f31T dftTdt dTeTT dT?T t, feddfl ttTTTd ^dlefl tl dfedeT % dfed-^t 8. FTTTdTd, mull dFeT, ffeei-l'l® W ffeedl, fertlMaT, fe, TTd, 1623 ft dFT TFT dRdT fe, fed TSdft 31dd fddl feFfdtT fe t dldTd-d-aTTd tl deferd t Tt 3dt 4et(l fe Ted t TfedTeT fedT TTdTdTTd feaeiidi fdfelF ffefel fel dT TFT tl dTTtt dd/d/, dd dFed fe dfedd t ftard dd> fedTTed ftFTTddd fdfe fe dd dFeT fe fe fdFlf did ft ffe^d W^JFJJ dTT 13. ^Tdedis fel fibeei, fedeH/leo, Tlfe^n ddd tl dTdeT dFeT dan dlfdd td tfe ddd fe tl TJT5T fed tl fddfe dFirrar ddfer fdF ft fe 1670 ft dTTdTdT 8TTI fel TF77d7dTT dFTTfel fed! ?JTT dddRIT dfeT fedeTdd dTT feF fdTfeT dfe dafe dFTtl dd H5el % TTtlM tl yfe<S ddTIlell ddT-tdT (3TTdffe fed) tl Tfe y,tey yi‘lul dial dFeT fefe tl fft dleft Idelld fe dTd ft dH fdTeTT tl dfedgr ft elddd 90 fdiei!41i< dft ejft dT ftatd feF fdTfeT tl dF ddffe fgdld ®TT 18dl dTdfel fe fed t ddfe df dfef midi tl WJfJl ft TFIeft feel STTTTfe SIJlJ4 t, fed dT dfeTdTR ufe Tdjfe del ft 1087 dldT dft Wdlf dT ftaid tl ftTF fwtf ft ffeTT f3n tawneTTSTl't TTdt dtl tl 3Rd dddlTefe fefe, d^TT, dfed dan tl dF erfe ftftfe draTT dft dfed dTT ddldl dfe t dan fe feF fdTefe FTT dFTtl dft TTdft Wdl fttfl dT ftatd tl ftdTF ft drofel f ti dT dfed Td ffedT dfe %l 'jhmi fe si el eft ft ei'fl mifeidl fet y^e dTT Pbell dfe fedeldd dTT ffeeTT ddfPddT dFWjft dlft felel tl 4. dTTRTf dd ffedT, dTd^T TTdTWTd dTfe dFeT fe SfddTd dft eTddTdt slRdl dTT fed Td dfed dTTdt tl Fddft dRyldiel dTTdft ftttt t dfe dlyesIHI STefed T^dfifeell Fdft' WTS fe fet dTT fefe dfedF t TTd. 1600 t dTTdTdT am fet dtrfedd dfe FtfeTdtT fe fed T33T ddfe ttfe, feffe deftdT ddft fe ftfddft dft 3Tld eftdf ftr TFft dd dfefdT Tfed dt fel Fft dfeft ft % dfe dT tdldt Selfe dan ddy dd feT ^Sfd fel dT TTdTdT 3Tlft ft ‘jmeeil t, Fd me/ft dft dpjftt IfetddT tl elddd 15 dft dTT ddfe eTdT fel ddt dt dfe dft TSTdeT ftr fttd ft

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