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Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides: Beneficial microorganisms, nematodes and seed treatments PDF

411 Pages·1998·29.204 MB·English
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FORMULATION OF MICROBIAL BIOPESTICIDES FORMULATION OF MICROBIAL BIOPESTICIDES Beneficial microorganisms, nematodes and seed treatments Edited by H.D. Burges SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Card Number: 98-70274 ISBN 978-94-010-6066-0 ISBN 978-94-011-4926-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4926-6 02-0601-100 ts All Rights Reserved © 1998 Springer Science+Busines sMedia Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanica,l including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission from the copyright owner. CONTENTS List ofcontributors vii Preface IX Abbreviations xi 1 Introduction 1 H. Denis Burges and Keith A. Jones PART ONE PRINCIPLES OFFORMULATION 5 2 Technology offormulation and application 7 Keith A. Jones and H. Denis Burges PART TWO ORGANISMS WITH A PERORAL MODE OF ACTION 31 3 Formulation of bacteria, viruses and Protozoa to control insects 33 H. Denis Burges and Keith A. Jones PART THREE ORGANISMS WITH A CONTACT MODE OF ACTION 129 4 Formulation ofmycoinsecticides 131 H. Denis Burges 5 Formulation ofmicroorganisms to control plant diseases 187 Deborah R. Fravel, William J. Connick, Jr andJack A. Lewis 6 Formulation ofmicrobial herbicides 203 Michael P. Greaves, PeterJ. Holloway and Bruce A. Auld 7 Formulation of beneficial organisms applied to soil 235 Alan S. Paau 8 Application ofmicroorganisms to seeds 255 Mark P. McQuilken, Peter Halmer and DavidJ. Rhodes PART FOUR ORGANISMS WITH A POWER OF SEARCH 287 9 Formulation ofentomopathogenic nematodes 289 Rayman Georgis and Harry K. Kaya vi Contents PART FIVE THE FUTURE 309 10 Trends in formulation of microorganisms and future research requirements 311 H. Denis Burges and Keith A. Jones APPENDICES 333 A catalogue of formulation additives: function, nomenclature, properties and suppliers 333 Konrad Bernhard, Peter J. Holloway and H. Denis Burges II Spray application criteria 367 Keith A. Jones III Glossary (including list of product and additive types) 377 H. Denis Burges Index 383 CONTRIBUTORS BRUCE A. AULD University of Bristol, Weston Road, Orange Agricultural Institute, Long Ashton, Bristol, Avon, BS18 9AF, UK Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected] PETER HALMER KONRAD BERNHARD Germain's (UK) Ltd, Hansa Road, Ettlinger Strasse 33/3, 0-76307 Karlsbad Hardwick Industrial Estate, King's Lynn, Germany Norfolk, PE30 4LG, UK E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected] H. DENIS BURGES PETERJ. HOLLOWAY 21 Withdean Avenue, Goring-by-Sea, IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Worthing, West Sussex, BN12 4XD, UK Department of Agricultural Sciences, E-mail denis@hdburges,freeserve.co.uk University ofBristol, Weston Road, WILLIAM J. CONNICKJR Long Ashton, Bristol, Avon, BS18 9AF, UK Commodity Utilisation Research Unit, E-mail [email protected] USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, PO Box 19687, KEITH A. JONES New Orleans, LA 70124-0687, USA Natural Resources Institute, E-mail [email protected] University ofGreenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK E-mail [email protected] DEBORAH R. FRAVEL Room 275, Building OlIA, BARC-West, Biocontrol ofPlant Disease Laboratory, HARRY K. KAYA Plant Sciences Institute, USDA-ARS, One Shields Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA Department of Nematology, E-mail [email protected] University ofCalifornia, Davis, CA 95616, USA E-mail [email protected] RAMON GEORGIS ThermoTrilogy Corp., 7500 Grace Drive, Columbia, MD 21044, USA JACK LEWIS E-mail [email protected] Room 275, Building OlIA, BARC-West, Biocontrol ofPlant Disease Laboratory, MICHAEL P. GREAVES Plant Sciences Institute, USDA-ARS, IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 USA Department ofAgricultural Sciences, E-mail [email protected] viii Contributors MARK P. MCQUILKEN San Diego, 9500 Gilmen Drive, USA Unit of Plant Protection, E-mail [email protected] Department of Plant Biology, The Scottish Agricultural College, DAVID RHODES Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HW, Scotland, UK Zeneca Agrochemicals, E-mail [email protected] Fernhurst, Haslemere, Surrey, GU27 3JE, UK E-mail DavidD.J.Rhodes@ ALAN S. PAAU AGUK.ZENECA.COM University ofCalifornia, Technology Transfer & Intellectual Property PREFACE Formulation vies with genetic engineering as The ultimate in efficacy - systemic formula one of the two most important recent areas of tion - is obtained by the formation of the progress in developing microorganisms for toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis in the tissues use in agriculture and forestry. The subject of transgenic plants. While the application has not previously been comprehensively target of these peroral pathogens is the in covered at book length. Early formulation, sects' food, spraysofentomopathogenic fungi stylized from that ofchemicals, led to many target the insects themselves because the initial failures. This book goes back to basics, fungi attack through the insect cuticle, so can i.e. ecological and biological knowledge, to control sucking as well as chewing insects. analysethespecialrequirementswhenformu Although more susceptible than bacterial lating microorganisms and to build up a spores to theenvironment, dry fungal conidia detailed account of modern formulation formulated in oil provide a breakthrough, en technology. The function of the organisms in abling their use in arid climates. The insect nature is examined with a view to bettering pathogens have led progress in formulation natural performance by mass producing their for sprays, but the fungi are also formulated survival stages. These stages are optimized for usein the moistenvironmentofsoil. How for storage and effectiveness, then mixed ever, formulations for soil have mainly been with carriers, supplemented by a wide range developed for three other types oforganisms: of additives that further improve efficiency those used tocontrolplantdiseases, tocontrol and survival during harvest, storage and weeds, and to improve plant growth, largely application, as well as protect and nurture with nitrifying organisms. Seeds can be used the organisms afterwards while they lie in as vehicles, taking formulation into another wait to take effect. There are 15 authors, all industry, that of seed treatment. Entomo widely experienced in their own fields. pathogenic nematodes set the formulator the Thescopeofthebookisbroad, spanning10 most demanding task, to preserve mobility chapters. The scene is set by a description of and thepowerofsearch. Eachchapterconsid application technology and machines, which ers researchneedsand probesthefuture,both depend heavily on formulation to improve assessed overall in the final chapter. Because efficiency. Bacterialandviralinsectpathogens these varied areas progressed largely inde attack perorally and must be eaten to take pendently, intensive cross-referencing be effect. These organisms are used to control tween chapters has been inserted to cross mainly chewing, foliar pests, posing the de fertilize information between them. manding task of creating an even, palatable Momentum for progress comes mainly cover over the foliage, or they are used to from research interest and from design of control larvae of vectors of human disease in products for sale. In this book, greatattention waterbodies.Thistaskis particularlychallen has been paid to the needs of cost effective gingfor spraysbecauseofthe particulate, live ness and user acceptance. The book is de and/or proteinous nature of the organisms. signed for a wide readership. Thus readers x Preface new to the field are served by many practical chemistryandequipmentdesign. Information illustrations; for experienced workers there is gleaned from a huge range of journals and are in-depth analyses of available data and a patents; itoutweighsconfidential information bewilderingarray ofadditives (including fail locked up in industry. ures),showninTablesand Appendices.These Iwish to thank my teamofauthors, numer analyses and models have enabled the best ous peer reviewers - particularly Peter J. additives to be assessed in a concise text. Holloway, who assiduously applied his spe Great effort has been devoted to making the cialist chemical knowledge - and all those book reader-friendly. who so generously answered my appeal for This bookwillinterestreaders from univer pre-publication material to push the book as sities, government research laboratories and far ahead aspossible;alsomydaughterStella, industry, as well as operatives of environ son-in-law Michael, grandson Robert Irons mentally friendly pest and disease control, and my wife Sheila, for all their help and whether they are engaged in research, devel support. opment, commerce, teaching or practical use. The disciplines involved are entomology, H. Denis Burges botany, microbiology, virology, nematology, February 1998 ABBREVIATIONS AAU Aedes aegypti unit ofmosquitocidal activity AMEA acetamide-(3-mercaptoethylamine, humectant a water activity w Bt Bacillus thuringiensis CDA controlled-droplet application c.f.u. colony-forming unit CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Colombia CMA corn meal agar CMC carboxymethykellulose CPV cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus DOT dissolved O tension 2 EDTA ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid GCPF Global Crop Protection Federation (formerly GIFAP) HLB hydrophile-lipophile balance of a surfactant HV high-volume spray IPA iso-propanol IPM integrated pestmanagement IU,ITU international units ofbacterial insecticidal activity l.a.i. ratio ofleafsurface area ofa plant to the area ofground occupied by the plant LAMEA lactamide-fJ-mercaptoethylamine, humectant LDso lethal dose to kill half the test insects LSTB lauryl sulphate tryptose broth LTso lethal time to kill half the test insects LV low-volume spray mil 0.001 inch MNPV multiple-embedded NPV NMD number median diameter NPV nuclear polyhedrosis (nucleopolyhedrosis) virus OAR original activity ratio OB see PIB PEG polyethylene glycol PGPR plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria PIB,OB (polyhedral) occlusion body of an NPV POE [a]-(p-nonylphenyl)-w-hydroxypoly (oxyethylene) PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone RH relative humidity SMP solid matrix priming ULV ultra low-volume spray

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