Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover, Fourth Edition: All the Formulas You Need to Solve Drilling and Production Problems PDF
Preview Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover, Fourth Edition: All the Formulas You Need to Solve Drilling and Production Problems
Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover All the Formulas You Need to Solve Drilling and Production Problems Fourth Edition William C. Lyons Thomas Carter Norton J. Lapeyrouse AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD (cid:129) PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier GulfProfessionalPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK Copyright©2016,2012,2002,1992ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightby thePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices, ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyand thesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterof productsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-803417-0 ForinformationonallGulfProfessionalpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ P REFACE Thisisthefourtheditionofacollectionofequationsandformulasused in the drilling, completion, workover, and production operations of the oil field. We have expanded the subjects to include items such as drillstringdesignandslipcrushingcalculations,leak-offtestwithpro- cedurestosetuptheanalysisgraph,rigloads,kicktolerancedetermi- nations, an expanded section on hydraulics and pressure loss, and temperatureand pressureeffectsondownhole muddensity. Wehave alsoreorganizedthesectionstomakeiteasiertousethecontents.Our goalistoprovideaquickreferenceforthosepeopleworkingeitherin thefieldorintheofficeonproblemsthatrequirecalculationsforasafe completion of the assigned task. Many years of experience has taught me that working equations just from memory can often lead to the wrong answer. It is better to havethecorrectequationavailableinprinttomakesureallofthenec- essaryinputsareincludedinthesolution.Manypeoplewouldprepare theirownpersonalmaterialwithguidelinesandformulasinaflippad theywouldkeepintheirpocketorattheirdesk.Thentheservicecom- paniesbegantopublishhandbooksfordistributiontocustomers,but theywouldbefocusedononesubjectorjustcoverthetechnicalitems related to the products they were marketing. When Norton Lapeyr- ouse published the first edition of his formulas book, it provided a handyquickreferencethatcouldbeusedbyeveryoneassociatedwith rigoperations.Whenhewasnolongeravailabletocontinuethiseffort, we were very pleased to contribute to his original idea. xi xii Preface After nearly 30 years of college level teaching, Bill Lyons retired from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in 2006. In the early 2007 he and I joined the BP Chevron Drilling Training Alliance(DTA)inHouston,Texas.Billwantedtocontinuehisteach- ing career in the professional development instruction arena. I had over 48 years of experience in engineering and operations and also wanted to give back the benefit of that experience to the industry as somanyothershaddoneforme.Attheendof2012,BPandChevron dissolvedtheDTAandwenttheirseparatewaystocarryoutinternal professional development of their staffs. The DTA was managed through most of its very successful 18 years of operation by Gary Massie with the competent managerial assistance of Saad Hashmi. At the end of 2012, the DTA was honored with ASME's Excellence in Professional Instruction. We have received comments and suggestions from many people about items to include in this collection of equations and would like toexpressourappreciationfortheirvaluableinput.Wewouldalsolike to include a special thanks to John Lofton for his suggestions and review of the material presented in this publication. Tom Carter, B. S. Houston, Texas William C. Lyons, Ph.D., P.E.(ret) Sugar Land, Texas September, 2015 chapter one B E ASIC QUATIONS 1.1 Terminology Density:Theterm“density”isthemassperunitvolume.IntheSystem International(SI),thisiskg/m3,orkg/liter,g/cm3.IntheBritishImperial System (BIS) and United States Customary System (USCS), the mechanical properties of a fluid are not published in mass per unit volumeunits(theBISandUSCSarebasicallythesame).IntheUSCS, themassperunitvolumemustbecalculatedfromthepublishedweight per unit volume (this latter term is denoted as specific weight). For decades,theoilandgasindustryintheWesthasusedthe“density”name asaformofanoilfieldslangtermfortheUSCSweightperunitvolume published fluid mechanical properties usually published as lb/ft.3 or lb/gal(thelatteralsowrittenasppg).Theweightperunitvolumeoffresh water is 62.4lb/ft.3 or 8.34lb/gal. To obtain the USCS density terms (equivalentto theSIdensity terms) fromthe published specific weight values,bothtermsmustbedividedbytheUSCSaccelerationofgravity constant,namely,32.2ft./s2.Thiswouldgivedensityvaluesof γ 62:4 lb(cid:2)s2 slug ρ ¼ fw¼ ¼1:94 ¼1:94 fw g 32:2 ft:4 ft:3 γ 8:34 lb(cid:2)s2 slug ρ ¼ fw¼ ¼0:258 ¼0:258 fw g 32:2 ft:(cid:2)gal gal Where: ρ ¼Density of fresh water fw g ¼Gravity constant Theslugtermisnotusedofteninengineeringpractice.Basically,itis the USCS equivalent to the SI kilogram. The USCS slug is lb(cid:2)s2 1 slug¼1 ft: FormulasandCalculationsforDrilling,Production,andWorkover 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803417-0.00001-9 Copyright©2016ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 2 FormulasandCalculationsforDrilling,Production,andWorkover Likewise, the SI kilogram is N(cid:2)s2 1kg¼1 m wheretheNistheNewtonwhichistheforceunitequivalenttothelb forceunitintheUSCS(theconversionis4.445N¼1lb).Astheslugis not often written in the technical literature and the kilogram is very rarely written in the terms its basic terms of N(cid:2)s2 m SpecificWeight:SincetheSImechanicalpropertiesofafluidarelisted indensityunits,thenthesedensitytermsmustbeusedtocalculatethe specificweightsothatpracticalengineeringcalculationscanbemade. Therefore, the density of fresh water can be written in SI units as 1000kg/m3or1kg/liter.Tocarrythesecalculationsout,wemustmul- tiply these density terms by the SI acceleration of gravity constant, namely, 9.81m/s2. This would give the specific weight values of N γ ¼ρ g¼1000ð9:81Þ¼9810 fw fw m3 or N γ ¼ρ g¼1ð9:81Þ¼9:810 fw fw liter Where: γ ¼Specific weight fw SpecificGravity:Theaboveisacomplicatedunitssituationespecially for engineers who may have worked in one part of the world where eithertheSIortheUSCSwasbeingusedandlaterisassignedtowork in another part of the world where the other unit system was domi- nates. Fortunately, instead of dealing with such complicated units situations,thespecificgravityofafluidcanbedeterminedfromeither BasicEquations 3 the published SI density data or from the published USCS specific weight data. The specific gravity term can be defined as Density of a fluid Specific gravity¼ Density of fresh water Specific weight of a fluid ¼ Specific weight of fresh water Forexample,ifanengineerfromGermanyisworkingtemporarilyfor hisoperatingcompanyatadrillinglocationintheGulfCoastregionof theUnitedStatesandwantstoconverthisSIdensitycalculationresult for a new cement slurry to a USCS specific weight value for service company staff working at the location. His calculation result for the newcementslurryis1.88kg/liter.Therefore,thespecificgravityofthis new cement slurry is 1:88 Specific gravity¼ ¼1:88 1:00 Therefore, the new cement slurry specific weight is lb Specific weight¼1:88ð8:34Þ¼15:7 gal or lb Specific gravity¼1:88ð62:4Þ¼117:3 ft:3 1.2 Mud Weight MW (lb/ft.3), Mud Weight MW (ppg), and Specific Gravity (SG) [USCS/British] Definition: Mud weight of fresh water in lb/ft.3 MW ¼62:4lb=ft:3 (1.1) fw 4 FormulasandCalculationsforDrilling,Production,andWorkover Where: MW ¼Fresh water mud weight in lb/ft.3 fw Example: Mud weight of fresh water in ppg ! 62:4 MW ¼ (cid:1) (cid:3) ð231Þ (1.2) fw 123 MW ¼8:34ppg fw Where: 1gal¼231in.3 1 ft. ¼12in. Example: Specific gravity of fresh water SG (cid:4) (cid:5) 62:4 SG ¼ ¼1:0 (1.3) fw 62:4 or (cid:4) (cid:5) 8:34 SG ¼ ¼1:0 (1.4) fw 8:34 Example: SG of a mud weight of 12.0ppg (cid:4) (cid:5) 12:0 SG ¼ ¼1:44 (1.5) m 8:34 1.3 Density ρ (kg/m3 or kg/liter), Mud Weight MW (N/m3 or N/liter), and Specific Gravity (SG) [SI-Metric] Definition: Mud density of fresh water ρ (kg/m3) ρ ¼1000:0kg=m3 (1.6) fw Example: Mud density of fresh water ρ (kg/liter) BasicEquations 5 (cid:1) (cid:3) ρ ¼1000:0 10(cid:2)3 fw ρ ¼1:0 kg=liter fw Where: 1liter¼10(cid:2)3m3 Example: Mud weight of fresh water MW (N/m3) MW ¼1000:0 g¼1000:0ð9:81Þ fw MW ¼9810:0 N=m3 fw Where: g¼9.81m/s2 Example: Mud weight of fresh water MW (N/liter) MW ¼1:0 g¼1:0ð9:81Þ fw MW ¼9:81 N=liter fw Example: Specific gravity of fresh water SG (using density) (cid:4) (cid:5) 1000:0 SG ¼ ¼1:0 fw 1000:0 or (cid:4) (cid:5) 1:0 SG ¼ ¼1:0 fw 1:0 Example: Specific gravity of fresh water SG (using mud weight) (cid:4) (cid:5) 9810:0 SG ¼ ¼1:0 fw 9810:0 or (cid:4) (cid:5) 9:81 SG ¼ ¼1:0 fw 9:81 Conversion: Mud weight of 12.0ppg to mud weight MW (N/liter)
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