Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover. All the Formulas You Need to Solve Drilling and Production Problems

293 Pages·2012·1.748 MB·English

by  Norton J. Lapeyrouse, William C. Lyons, PhD, PE, and Thomas Carter (Auth.)

Formulas
and
Calculations
for Drilling,
Production,
and
Workover
Third Edition
Formulas
and
Calculations
for Drilling,
Production,
and
Workover
All the Formulas You Need to
Solve Drilling and
Production Problems
Third Edition
William Lyons
Tom Carter
Norton J. Lapeyrousse
AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON
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P
REFACE
Overthepastseveralyears,hundredsofoilfieldpersonnelhavetold
methattheyhaveenjoyedthisbook.Someuseitasasecondaryref-
erence source, some use it as their primary source for formulas and
calculations, and some use it to reduce the volume of materials they
mustcarrytotherigfloororjobsite.Regardlessofthereasonpeople
use it, the primary purpose of this book is to provide a convenient
source of reference to those people who don’t use formulas and cal-
culations on a regular basis.
Intheprefacetothefirstedition,Imentionedadrillerwhocarried
abriefcasefullofbookswithhimeachtimehewenttotherigfloor.
I also spoke of a drilling supervisor who carried two briefcases of
books. This book should reduce the number of books each of them
needs to perform his job.
Thisbookisstillintendedtoserveoilfieldworkersfortheentirety
oftheircareers.Ihaveaddedseveralformulasandcalculations,some
in English field units and some in metric units. I have also added
the Volumetric Procedure, the Lubricate and Bleed Procedure (both
Volume and Pressure Methods), and stripping procedures (both the
StripandBleedProcedureandtheCombinedStrippingandVolumetric
Procedure).
This book has been designed for convenience. It will occupy very
little space in anyone’s briefcase. It has a spiral binding so it will
layflatandstayopenonadesk.TheTableofContentsandtheIndex
makelookingupformulasandcalculationsquickandeasy.Examples
are used throughout to make the formulas as easy as possible to
ix
x Preface
understand and work, and often exact words are used rather than
symbols.
Thisbookisdedicatedtothethousandsofoilfieldhandsworldwide
whohavetouseformulasandcalculations,whetheronadailybasisor
onceortwiceayear,andwhohaveproblemsrememberingthem.This
book should make their jobs a little easier.
chapter one
B E
ASIC QUATIONS
1.0 Terminology
The term density as used in USCS/British oil field terminology is a
slangtermforavaluethatisactuallyspecificweight.Specificweight
isintheunitsoflb/ft3orlb/gallon(ppg).ActualdensityintheUSCS/
British would be the specific weight term divided by 32.2ft/sec2 and
wouldresultinaUSCS/Britishdensityofslug/ft3.Neitherthedensity
termnortheactualdensitytermisusedinthisbook.Thisbookuses
thetermmudweight(MW)forspecificweight(lb/ft3orppg).Density
isusedonlywhenreferringtotheSI-metricvaluesofkg/m3,kg/liter,
and gram/cm3 (which are actual density values in that unit system)
and for the term ECD.
1.1 Mud Weight MW (lb/ft3), Mud Weight MW (ppg),
and Specific Gravity (SG) [USCS/British]
Definition: Mud weight of fresh water MW (lb/ft3)
MW ¼62:4lb/ft3 ð1:1Þ
fw
Example: Mud weight of fresh water MW (ppg)
0 1
MW ¼@62:4Að231Þ
fw ð12Þ3 ð1:2Þ
MW ¼8:34ppg
fw
where: 1gal ¼ 231in.3
1 ft ¼ 12 in.
FormulasandCalculationsforDrilling,Production,andWorkover 1
#2012ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.DOI:10.1016/B978-1-85617-929-4.00001-4
2 FormulasandCalculationsforDrilling,Production,andWorkover
Example: Specific gravity of fresh water SG
(cid:2) (cid:3)
62:4
SG ¼ ¼1:0 ð1:3Þ
fw 62:4
or
(cid:2) (cid:3)
8:34
SG ¼ ¼1:0 ð1:4Þ
fw 8:34
Example: SG of a mud weight of 12.0 ppg
(cid:2) (cid:3)
12:0
SG ¼ ¼1:44 ð1:5Þ
m 8:34
1.2 Density r (kg/m3 or kg/liter), Mud Weight
MW (N/m3 or N/liter), and Specific Gravity (SG) [SI-Metric]
Definition: Mud density of fresh water r (kg/m3)
r ¼1000:0kg/m3 ð1:6Þ
fw
Example: Mud density of fresh water r (kg/liter)
r ¼1000:0ð10(cid:2)3Þ
fw
r ¼1:0kg/liter
fw
where: 1 liter ¼ 10(cid:2)3m3
Example: Mud weight of fresh water MW (N/m3)
MW ¼1000:0g¼1000:0ð9:81Þ
fw
MW ¼9810:0N/m3
fw
where: g ¼ 9.81m/sec2
Example: Mud weight of fresh water MW (N/liter)
MW ¼1:0g¼1:0ð9:81Þ
fw
MW ¼9:81N/liter
fw
BasicEquations 3
Example: Specific gravity of fresh water SG (using density)
(cid:2) (cid:3)
1000:0
SG ¼ ¼1:0
fw 1000:0
or
(cid:2) (cid:3)
1:0
SG ¼ ¼1:0
fw 1:0
Example: Specific gravity of fresh water SG (using mud weight)
(cid:2) (cid:3)
9810:0
SG ¼ ¼1:0
fw 9810:0
or
(cid:2) (cid:3)
9:81
SG ¼ ¼1:0
fw 9:81
Conversion: Mud weight of 12.0 ppg to mud weight MW (N/liter)
MW¼12:0ð1:175Þ¼14:1N/liter ð1:7Þ
where: 1 ppg ¼ 1.175N/liter
Example: Mud weight of 14.1N/liter to density r (kg/liter)
(cid:2) (cid:3)
1
r ¼14:1 ¼1:44kg/liter
m g
Example: SG of mud using density of 1.44kg/liter
(cid:2) (cid:3)
1:44
SG ¼ ¼1:44
m 1:0
Example: SG of a mud with a specific weight of 14.1N/liter
(cid:2) (cid:3)
14:1
SG ¼ ¼1:44
m 9:81
4 FormulasandCalculationsforDrilling,Production,andWorkover
Table1-1
MudWeightandDensityConversionFactorsSummary
From To
Density MudWt MudWt SG Multiplyby
lb/ft3 lb/gal 0.052
lb/ft3 SG (1/62.4)
lb/gal SG (1/8.34)
kg/m3 N/m3 9.81
kg/liter N/liter 9.81
kg/m3 N/liter (9.81/1000)
N/liter SG (1/9.81)
N/m3 SG (1/9810)
1.3 Hydrostatic Pressure (P) and (p) [USCS/British]
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure P (lb/ft3) at a depth H (ft) below
surface is
Pðlb/ft2Þ¼MW ðlb/ft3ÞHðftÞ ð1:8Þ
where: H (ft) is true vertical depth (TVD)
Example: Pressure (lb/ft2) in fresh water at a depth of 1000ft
P¼ð62:4Þð1000Þ¼62,400lb/ft2
Example: Pressure (lb/ft2) in 12.0 ppg at a depth of 1000ft
P¼ð89:9Þð1000Þ¼89,900lb/ft2
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure p (psi) at a depth H (ft) below sur-
face is (using equation (1.8))
(cid:4) (cid:5)
pðpsiÞð12Þ2 ¼MW lb/ft3 HðftÞ
which reduces to
!
1
pðpsiÞ¼MWðlb/ft3Þ HðftÞ
ð12Þ2
BasicEquations 5
or
pðpsiÞ¼0:00695MWðlb/ft3ÞHðftÞ ð1:9Þ
Example: Pressure (psi) in fresh water at a depth of 1000ft
p¼0:00695ð62:4Þð1000Þ¼434psi
Example: Pressure (psi) in 12.0 ppg at a depth of 1000ft
P¼0:00695ð89:9Þð1000Þ¼624psi
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure p (psi) at a depth H (ft) below sur-
face is (using equation (1.8))
!
ð12Þ3
pðpsiÞð12Þ2 ¼MWðppgÞ HðftÞ
231
which reduces to
(cid:2) (cid:3)
12
pðpsiÞ¼MWðppgÞ HðftÞ
231
or
pðpsiÞ¼0:052MWðppgÞHðftÞ ð1:10Þ
Example: Pressure (psi) in fresh water at a depth of 1000ft
p¼0:052ð8:34Þð1000Þ¼434psi
Example: Pressure (psi) in 12.0 ppg mud at a depth of 1000ft
p¼0:052ð12:0Þð1000Þ¼624psi
1.4 Hydrostatic Pressure (P) and (p) [SI-Metric]
Definition: Hydrostatic pressure P (N/m2) at a depth H (m) below
surface is (using N/m3)
PðN/m2Þ¼MWðN/m3ÞHðmÞ ð1:11Þ