Formation testing. Volume 3, Supercharge, pressure testing, and contamination models

402 Pages·2019·16.512 MB·English

by  Chin, Wilson C

Formation Testing
Volume 3
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Formation Testing
Volume 3
Supercharge, Pressure Testing and
Contamination Models
Wilson C. Chin
Th is edition fi rst published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
© 2019 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-
wise, except as permitted by law Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is
available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Wiley Global Headquarters
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offi ces, customer services, and more information about Wiley products
visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best eff orts in preparing this work, they make no
representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this
work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of
merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales
representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work Th e fact that an orga-
nization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further
information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the
organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make Th is work is sold with
the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services Th e advice and
strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a specialist
where appropriate Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other
commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages
Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared
between when this work was written and when it is read.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-28377-5
Cover images courtesy of the author
Cover design by: Kris Hackerott
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 Formation Testing – Strategies, Capabilities and Solutions 1
1.1 Development Perspectives 1
1.2 Basic Forward and Inverse Models 4
1.3 Supercharge Forward and Inverse Models 14
1.4 Multiple Drawdown and Buildup Inverse Models 20
1.5 Multiphase Cleaning and Supercharge Model 24
1.6 System Integration and Closing Remarks 29
1.7 References 30
2 Supercharging – Forward Models and Inverse Solutions 31
2.1 Supercharge and Math Model Development 31
2.2 Supercharge Pressure and Ultimate Decay 34
2.3 United States Patent 7,243,537 B2 37
2.4 Forward and Inverse Models with Supercharging –
Drawdown-Only and Drawdown-Buildup Applications
and Illustrative Examples 69
2.4.1 General Ideas in Formation Testing Formulations 69
2.4.2 Mathematical Formulation 73
2.5 Drawdown Only Applications 78
2.5.1 Example DD-1, High Overbalance 78
2.5.2 Example DD-2, High Overbalance 84
2.5.3 Example DD-3, High Overbalance 88
2.5.4 Example DD-4, Qualitative Pressure Trends 92
2.5.5 Example DD-5, Qualitative Pressure Trends 95
v
vi Contents
2.5.6 Example DD-6, “Drawdown-Only” Data with
Multiple Inverse Scenarios for 1 md/cp Application 97
2.5.7 Example DD-7, “Drawdown-Only” Data with
Multiple Inverse Scenarios for 0.1 md/cp
Application 102
2.6 Drawdown – Buildup Applications 107
2.6.1 E xample DDBU-1, Drawdown-Buildup, High
Overbalance 107
2.6.2 Example DDBU-2, Drawdown-Buildup, High
Overbalance 111
2.6.3 Example DDBU-3, Drawdown-Buildup, High
Overbalance 114
2.6.4 Example DDBU-4, Drawdown-buildup, 1 md/cp
Calculations 118
2.6.5 Example DDBU-5, Drawdown-buildup, 0.1 md/cp
Calculations 122
2.7 Supercharged Anisotropic Flow Simulation Model 127
2.8 References 131
3 Pressure Transient Analysis – Multirate Drawdown
and Buildup 132
3.1 Multirate Drawdown and Buildup Applications 133
3.1.1 Monitoring, Testing, Treatment and Retest 134
3.1.2 Hydrate Characterization and Production 138
3.2 Detailed Validations with Exact Solutions 142
3.2.1 Validation of PTA-App-01 Inverse Model 144
3.2.2 Validation of PTA-App-02 Inverse Model 148
3.2.3 Validation of PTA-App-03 Inverse Model 156
3.2.4 Validation of PTA-App-04 Inverse Model 163
3.2.5 Validation of PTA-App-05 Inverse Model 172
3.2.6 Validation of PTA-App-06 Inverse Model 177
3.2.7 Validation of PTA-App-07 Inverse Model 182
3.2.8 Validation of PTA-App-08 Inverse Model 187
3.2.9 Validation of PTA-App-09 Inverse Model 192
3.2.10 Validation of PTA-App-10 Inverse Model 197
3.2.11 Validation of PTA-App-11 Inverse Model 202
3.3 References 219
Contents vii
4 Practical Applications and Examples 221
4.1 Review Objectives 221
4.2 Practical Applications and Examples 222
4.2.1 Isotropic Medium Pressure Testing 222
4.2.1.1 Steady-state method 222
4.2.1.2 Drawdown-buildup method 226
4.2.1.3 Drawdown only method 230
4.2.2 Anisotropic Media Pressure Testing
(Using FT-01) 232
4.2.3 Supercharge Eff ects in Drawdown-Buildup 240
4.2.4 Supercharge Mechanics in Detail – Reservoir
Fluid More Viscous Th an Mud 250
4.2.5 Supercharge Mechanics in Detail –
Reservoir Fluid Less Viscous Th an Mud 261
4.2.6 Supercharge Mechanics in Detail –
Reservoir Fluid Viscosity Equals Mud Viscosity 264
4.2.7 Perfectly Balanced Well, Mechanics in Detail –
Reservoir Fluid Viscosity Equals Mud Viscosity 266
4.2.8 Underbalance Mechanics in Detail –
Reservoir Fluid Viscosity Equals Mud Viscosity 268
4.2.9 Comparing Overbalance vs Underbalance
Pressures for Same Reservoir and
Tool Pumping Conditions 270
4.2.10 Consequences of Non-Performing Pump Piston 284
4.2.11 Batch Processing Using FT-00 291
4.2.12 Depth of Investigation Using FT-00
DOI Function 296
4.2.13 History Matching Using FT-06 Batch Mode 306
4.2.13.1 Operating FT-06 batch simulator 308
4.2.13.2 Source code documentation
(color coded) 313
4.2.13.3 A fi nal example – concise operational
summary 328
4.2.14 Gas Pumping 334
4.2.14.1 Several fi eld notes 334
4.2.14.2 Review of steady-state direct and
inverse methods 335
4.2.14.3 Transient gas calculations 338
4.3 References 342
viii Contents
5 Best Practices and Closing Remarks 343
5.1 Best Practices 343
5.2 Recommended Reading 351
Cumulative References 352
Index 363
About the Author 369