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Formation of the Prootic Foramina in Grass Snake, Natrix natrix (Ophidia, Colubridae), Chondrocranium Embryogenesis PDF

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Preview Formation of the Prootic Foramina in Grass Snake, Natrix natrix (Ophidia, Colubridae), Chondrocranium Embryogenesis

Vestnik zoologii, 45(6): 561—565, 2011 ÓÄÊ 591.471.4:598.115.31 ÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÄÓØÍÛÕ ÎÒÂÅÐÑÒÈÉ Â ÕÐßÙÅÂÎÌ ×ÅÐÅÏÅ ÍÀ ÐÀÍÍÈÕ ÑÒÀÄÈßÕ ÝÌÁÐÈÎÃÅÍÅÇÀ ÓÆÀ ÎÁÛÊÍÎÂÅÍÍÎÃÎ, NATRIX NATRIX (OPHIDIA, COLUBRIDAE) Ì. Ô. Êîâòóí, À. Â. Øåâåðäþêîâà Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè èì. È. È. Øìàëüãàóçåíà ÍÀÍ Óêðàèíû, óë. Á. Õìåëüíèöêîãî, 15, Êèåâ, 01601 Óêðàèíà E-mail: [email protected] Ïîëó÷åíî 29 ìàðòà 2011 Ïðèíÿòî 10 íîÿáðÿ 2011 Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïðåäóøíûõ îòâåðñòèé â õðÿùåâîì÷åðåïåíà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ ýìáðèîãåíåçàóæà îáûê- íîâåííîãî, Natrix natrix(Ophidia, Colubridae). Êîâòóí Ì. Ô., Øåâåðäþêîâà À.Â.– Âïåðâûå îïè- ñàíî è ïîêàçàíî ó÷àñòèå pila prootica â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ïðåäóøíûõ îòâåðñòèé(«îòâåðñòèé Õ») íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ ýìáðèîãåíåçà óæà îáûêíîâåííîãî (pila prootica ó çìåé îïèñûâàåòñÿ âïåðâûå). Àâòîðû ïðåäïîëàãàþò, ÷òî «îòâåðñòèÿ Õ» ó çìåé ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ïðåäóøíûå îòâåðñòèÿ, àíàëîãè÷íûå îïèñàííûì â õðÿùåâîì ÷åðåïå ó íåêîòîðûõ ðûá è àìôèáèé. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: pila prootica, ýìáðèîãåíåç ÷åðåïà, «îòâåðñòèÿ Õ», ïðåäóøíûå îòâåðñòèÿ, Natrix natrix. Formation of the Prootic Foramina in Grass Snake, Natrix natrix (Ophidia, Colubridae) Chondrocrani- um Embryogenesis. Kovtun M. F., Sheverdyukova H.V.– A new, previously unknown snake structure, pila prootica, is described in the posterior part of the orbital-temporal region in the chondrocranium of the grass snake. Participation of this structure in the formation of the “foramen X” at different stages of normal development is demonstrated. The authors suppose that the snake “foramina X” are noth- ing else than the prootic foramina, described in the chondrocranium of some fishes and amphibians. Key words: pila prootica, cranial embryogenesis, prootic foramen, “foramen X”, Natrix natrix. Ââåäåíèå  áàçàëüíîé ïëàñòèíêåõðÿùåâîãî ÷åðåïà óæà îáûêíîâåíîãî (Natrix natrixLinnaeus, 1758) ëàòå- ðàëüíî îò áàçèêðàíèàëüíîãî îêíà ðàçëè÷àþò ïàðó êðóïíûõ îòâåðñòèé, íàçûâàåìûõ â ëèòåðàòóðå «îòâåðñòèÿ Õ (èêñ)». Âïåðâûå òåðìèí «îòâåðñòèå Õ» (“fenestra X”) óïîòðåáèë K. Áåêñòðîì (Bäckström, 1931). Òàêèå îòâåðñòèÿ áûëè îïèñàíû ó âñåõ èçó÷åííûõ çìåé (Bäckström, 1931; deBeer, 1937; Pringle, 1954; Kamal, Hammouda, 1965a, c; El-Toubi etal., 1970, 1973; Haluska, Alberch, 1983) çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì íåêîòîðûõ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ñåìействаViperidae(Pringle, 1954; Srinivasachar, 1955; Kamal, Hammouda, 1965b). Ïîñêîëüêó ó äðóãèõ ðåïòèëèé òàêèõ îòâåðñòèé â õðÿùåâîì ÷åðåïå íå îáíàðóæåíî, у çìåé îíè ñ÷èòàþòñÿ óíèêàëüíûìè. Ñâîå íàçâàíèå ýòè îòâåðñòèÿ ïîëó÷èëè èç-çà òîãî, ÷òî ôóíêöèÿ èõ íåèçâåñòíà: îíè çàòÿíóòû ñîåäèíèòåëüíîòêàííîé ìåìáðàíîé, è íè íåðâû, íè ñîñóäû ÷åðåç íèõ íå ïðîõîäÿò. Êàê ïðàâèëî, â ðàáîòàõ öèòèðóåìûõ àâòîðîâ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ÷åðåïà çìåé ïðîâîäèëè íà íåçíà÷èòåëüíîì êîëè÷åñòâå ýìáðèîíàëüíîãî ìàòåðèàëà. Èññëåäîâàëè ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì ýìáðèîíû íà äîñòàòî÷íî ïîçäíèõ ñòàäèÿõ, êîãäà õðÿùåâîé ÷åðåï è «îòâåðñòèÿ Õ» óæå ïîëíîñòüþ ñôîðìèðîâàíû. Âåðîÿòíî, ýòèì è ìîæíî îáúÿñíèòü íåêîòîðûå ïðîáåëû îòíîñèòåëüíî ðàçâèòèÿ ñòðóêòóð, êîòîðûå îáðàçóþò «îòâåðñòèÿ Õ». Öåëüþ ðàáîòû áûëî âûÿñíение äèíàìèêи ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé èíòåðåñóþùåãî íàñ îòäåëà ÷åðåïà (àáîðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ãëàçíè÷íî-âèñî÷íîé îáëàñòè), ãäå ôîðìèðóþòñÿ «îòâåðñòèÿ Õ»íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ íîðìàëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ N. natrix. 562 Ì. Ô. Êîâòóí, À. Â. Øåâåðäþêîâà Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäû Ìàòåðèàë ñîáðàí â èþíå–èþëå 2010 ã. â îêð. ñ. Âàêàëîâùèíà Ñóìñêîé îáë. Äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ýìáðèîíîâ áåðåìåííûå ñàìêè N. natrixáûëè îòëîâëåíû â åñòåñòâåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ è ïîìåùåíû â òåð- ðàðèóìû. Ïîñëå îòêëàäêè ÿèö ñàìîê âûïóñêàëè â ìåñòà îòëîâà. ßéöà èíêóáèðîâàëè â óâëàæíåííîì âåðìèêóëèòå ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 27–30оÑ.  òàêèõ óñëîâèÿõ èíêóáàöèÿ äëèëàñü 30 ñóòîê. Êàæäûé äåíü èç êëàäêè îòáèðàëиíåñêîëüêî ÿèö. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, áûëè ïîëó÷åíû ýìáðèîíû 11 ñòàäèé (ñ 27 ïî 37). Ñòàäèè îïðåäåëÿëè ïî òàáëèöå íîðìàëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ, ðàçðàáîòàííîé äëÿ Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Colubridae)(Zehr, 1962). Èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿëè ïðåæäå âñåãî ñòàäèè, íà êîòîðûõ ïðîèñõîäиò çàêëàä- êа è ðàçâèòèå õðÿùеâîãî ÷åðåïà. Èññëåäîâàíèå ïðîâåäåíî íà 9 ýìáðèîíàõ 27—30-é ñòàäèé íîðìàëü- íîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Ýìáðèîíàëüíûé ìàòåðèàë ôèêñèðîâàëè â 4%-íîì ðàñòâîðå ôîðìàëèíà. Ïîñëå îáåçâîæèâàíèÿ ìàòåðèàë çàêëþ÷àëè â òâåðäóþ ñðåäó (ïàðàôèíîâûå áëîêè), çàòåì èçãîòîâëÿëè ñåðèéíûå ãèñòîëîãè- ÷åñêèå ñðåçû òîëùèíîé 5—7 ìêì, êîòîðûå îêðàøèâàëè àëüöèàíîâûì ñèíèì-ãåìàòîêñèëèí-ýîçèíîì. Íàëè÷èå ïðîöåññîâ îõðÿùåâåíèÿ â ìåçåíõèìíûõ çàêëàäêàõ îïðåäåëÿëè ïî ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé îêðàñêå ìåæêëåòî÷íîãî âåùåñòâà àëüöèàíîâûì ñèíèì (ðÍ = 1—2,5). Ìèêðîôîòîãðàôèè ãèñòîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðåïàðàòîâ ñäåëàíû ñ ïîìîùüþ ìèêðîñêîïà Zeiss Axio Imager M1 è ïðîãðàììíîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ Zeiss Axio Vision v. 4.63 â öåíòðå êîëëåêòèâíîãî ïîëüçîâà- íèÿ íà óíèêàëüíîì îáîðóäîâàíèè Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè èì. È. È. Øìàëüãàóçåíà ÍÀÍ Óêðàèíû. Òîòàëüíûå ïðåïàðàòû èçãîòîâëåíû ïî ìåòîäèêå Å. Â. Ñèìîíñà è Ä. Ð. ÂàíÕîðíà (Simons, Van Horn, 1971). Ðåçóëüòàòû Ïðîöåññ îáðàçîâàíèÿ «îòâåðñòèé Õ» íà÷èíàåòñÿ íà 27-é ñòàäèè ðàçâèòèÿ â àáîðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ãëàçíè÷íî-âèñî÷íîé îáëàñòè, à íà 30-é ñòàäèè ýòà îáëàñòü âûãëÿäèò óæå ìîíîëèòíîé (ðèñ. 1 à, ñ). Íà 27-é ñòàäèè ïîëÿðíûå õðÿùè è ïàðàõîðäàëèè åùå íå ñëèòû äðóã ñ äðó- ãîì. Íà ýòîé æå ñòàäèè îò ïåðåäíèõ êîíöîâ ïàðàõîðäàëèé äîðñîëàòåðàëüíî îòõî- Ðèñ. 1. Òîòàëüíûé ïðåïàðàò õðÿùåâîãî ÷åðåïà N. Natrix 30-é ñòàäèè íîðìàëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ: a, b – äîðñàëüíàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü; ñ – âåíòðàëüíî-ëàòåðàëüíàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü: 1 – íîñîâàÿ êàïñóëà; 2 – òðàáå- êóëÿðíàÿ ïëàñòèíêà; 3 – ÷åðåïíàÿ òðàáåêóëà; 4 – âûðåçêà äëÿ âíóòðåííåé ñîííîé àðòåðèè; 5 – «îòâåðñòèå Õ»; 6 – áàçàëüíàÿ ïëàñòèíêà; 7 – ñëóõîâàÿ êàïñóëà; 8 – áîëüøîå çàòûëî÷íîå îòâåðñòèå; 9 – pila prootica; 10 – êàíàë îòâîäÿùåãî íåðâà; 11 – ïàðàõîðäàëèÿ; 12 – ïîëÿðíûé õðÿù. Fig. 1. Graphic reconstruction of the grass snake`s fully formed chondrocranium at the 30 stage of normal development: a, b–the view from thedorsalside; ñ–the view from the ventro-lateral side: 1– nasal cap- sule; 2 – trabecula communis; 3 – trabecula; 4 – incisure for internal carotid artery; 5 – “foramen Õ”; 6– basal plate; 7– auditory capsule; 8– foramenmagnum; 9– pila prootica; 10– channel of abducens nerve; 11 – parahordalia; 12 – polar cartilage. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïðåäóøíûõ îòâåðñòèé â õðÿùåâîì ÷åðåïå… 563 äÿò íåáîëüøèå îõðÿùåâåâàþùèå îòðîñòêè. Èõ òîïîãðàôèÿ è èñòî÷íèê ïðî- èñõîæäåíèÿ (îò äîðñîëàòåðàëüíûõ êðàåâ ïåðåäíèõ êîíöîâ ïàðàõîðäàëèé) äàþò íàì îñíîâàíèÿ ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî ýòî õðÿùè àíàëîãè÷íûå îïèñàííûì ó íåêîòîðûõ ðûá è àìôèáèé êàê pilaå prootica (deBeer, 1937) è ó ÿùåðèö êàê pilaå antotica (deBeer, 1930). Íà ñëåäóþùåé, 28-é ñòàäèè, îðàëüíûå îòðîñòêè pilaå prootica ñëèëèñü ñ àáî- ðàëüíûìè êîíöàìè ïîëÿðíûõ õðÿùåé. Íà ýòîé æå ñòàäèè õîðîøî ðàçëè÷èìû òÿæè ìåçåíõèìíûõ êëåòîê, òÿíóùèåñÿ îò ëàòåðàëüíûõ êðàåâ ïàðàõîðäàëèé, àáî- ðàëüíåå ìåñòà ñîåäèåíèÿ èõ ñ ðilaå prootica. Íà 29-é ñòàäèè ðàçâèòèÿ â ýòèõ ìåçåíõèìíûõ òÿæàõ çàìåòíû ïðîöåññû îõðÿ- ùåâåíèÿ, êîòîðûå ïðîèñõîäÿò íåðàâíîìåðíî: òîëüêî â äîðñàëüíîé è àáîðàëüíîé èõ ÷àñòè. Îõðÿùåâåâøèå ó÷àñòêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ àáîðàëüíûì ïðîäîëæåíèåì ðilaå pro- otica. Íà ìåñòå íåîõðÿùåâåâàþùåãî ó÷àñòêà è îáðàçóþòñÿ «îòâåðñòèÿ Õ» (ðèñ.1,b). Íà ýòîé ñòàäèè ðila prootica ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ÷àñòè÷íî îõðÿùåâåâ- øóþ ñòðóêòóðó, îñíîâàíèåì ñîåäèíåííóþ ñ ïåðåäíå-ëàòåðàëüíûì êðàåì ïàðà- õîðäàëèè. Åå îðàëüíûé îòðîñòîê ñîåäèíåí ñ àáîðàëüíûì ó÷àñòêîì ïîëÿðíîãî õðÿùà, à àáîðàëüíûé – îáðàçóåò ëàòåðàëüíóþ ãðàíèöó «îòâåðñòèÿ Õ».  ìåñòå ñëèÿíèÿ ïàðàõîðäàëèè è îðàëüíîãî îòðîñòêà ðila prootica ñ àáîðàëüíûì ó÷àñòêîì ïîëÿðíîãî õðÿùà îáðàçóåòñÿ êàíàë îòâîäÿùåãî íåðâà (ðèñ. 1, b). Íà 30-é ñòàäèè âåñü îïèñûâàåìûé ó÷àñòîê (àáîðàëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ãëàçíè÷íî- âèñî÷íîé îáëàñòè) ñòàíîâèòñÿ ìîíîëèòíûì, è âûäåëèòü îòäåëüíûå åãî ñòðóêòó- ðû óæå íåâîçìîæíî. Îáñóæäåíèå Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî ãëàçíè÷íî-âèñî÷íûé îòäåë õðÿùåâîãî ÷åðåïà çìåé çíà÷è- òåëüíî ðåäóöèðîâàí â õîäå ýâîëþöèè (Pringle, 1954; Kamal, Hammouda, 1965 a, c; El-Toubi et al., 1970, 1973; Haluska, Alberch, 1983). Âñêîëüçü óïîìèíàíèå î íàëè÷èè pila antotica â àáîðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ãëàçíè÷íî-âèñî÷íîãî îòäåëà ó N. natrix âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â ðàáîòå Ã. Ð. äåÁèðà (deBeer, 1937), ïî ìíåíèþ êîòîðîãî, ëàòåðàëü- íûå âûñòóïû crista sellaris, â êîòîðûõ ïðîõîäèò êàíàë îòâîäÿùåãî íåðâà ÿâëÿþò- ñÿ ðóäèìåíòàìè ýòîé ñòðóêòóðû. Íàøè äàííûå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î íàëè÷èè ðila prootica â àáîðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ãëàçíè÷íî-âèñî÷íîãî îòäåëà. Ó N. Natrix îíà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé äîñòàòî÷íî ðàç- âèòóþ ñòðóêòóðó, êîòîðàÿ ñõîäíà ñ òàêîâîé ó ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ ðûá è àìôèáèé (deBeer, 1937). Íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî ýòà ñòðóêòóðà åñòü è ó äðóãèõ âèäîâ çìåé. Åå îðàëüíûå îòðîñòêè íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ ñëèâàþòñÿ ñ ïîëÿðíûìè õðÿùàìè, à àáîðàëüíûå – ñ ëàòåðàëüíûìè êðàÿìè ïàðàõîðäàëèé, âñëåäñòâèå ÷åãî íà áîëåå ïîçäíèõ ñòàäèÿõ ðila prootica íå âûãëÿäèò êàê îòäåëüíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà. Ðila prootica íå áûëà îïèñàíà ðàíåå, âåðîÿòíî ïîòîìó, ÷òî àâòîðàì íå óäàâàëîñü èññëåäîâàòü ýìáðèîíû 27-é ñòàäèè íîðìàëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Êðîìå òîãî, ó çìåé ðila prootica íà ïîçäíèõ ñòàäèÿõ âûãëÿäèò êàê ëàòåðàëüíîå ïðîäîëæåíèå ïàðàõîð- äàëèè. Òàêàÿ îñîáåííîñòü òàêæå ìîãëà âûçâàòü ó èññëåäîâàòåëåé òðóäíîñòè â èäåíòèôèêàöèè ýòîé ñòðóêòóðû. Êàê óæå óïîìèíàëîñü, àáîðàëüíûé îòðîñòîê ðila prootica îãðàíè÷èâàåò ñ ëàòåðàëüíîé ñòîðîíû îòâåðñòèÿ, èçâåñòíûå â ëèòåðàòóðå ïîä íàçâàíèåì «îòâåð- ñòèÿ Õ». Íåêîòîðûå èññëåäîâàòåëè óòâåðæäàëè, ÷òî ýòè «îòâåðñòèÿ Õ» ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì ðåçîðáöèè õðÿùà áàçàëüíîé ïëàñòèíêè íà áîëåå ïîçäíèõ ñòàäèÿõ ðàçâèòèÿ (Kamal, Hammouda, 1965 a, b, c; El-Toubi et al., 1970, 1973). Äîêàçàò åëü- ñòâîì ðåçîðáöèè îíè ñ÷èòàëè óâåëè÷åíèå «îòâåðñòèé Õ» â õîäå ýìáðèîãåíåçà. Ïî íàøèì íàáëþäåíèÿì, «îòâåðñòèå Õ» èçíà÷àëüíî ôîðìèðóåòñÿ êàê îòâåð- ñòèå, ìåäèàëüíî îãðàíè÷åííîå ïàðàõîðäàëèåé, à ëàòåðàëüíî-àáîðàëüíûì ïðîäîë- 564 Ì. Ô. Êîâòóí, À. Â. Øåâåðäþêîâà Ðèñ. 2. Ôðîíòàëüíûé ñðåç ãîëîâû ýìáðèîíà N. natrix 30-é ñòàäèè ðàçâèòèÿ íà óðîâíå ãàíãëèÿ òðîé- íè÷íîãî íåðâà: 1 – ñëóõîâàÿ êàïñóëà; 2 – ïðåäóøíîå îòâåðñòèå; 3 – ìîçã; 4 – âíóòðåííÿÿ ñîííàÿ àðòåðèÿ; 5 – ìåêêåëåâ õðÿù; 6 – õîðäà; 7 – pila prootica; 8 – ðîòîâàÿ ïîëîñòü; 9 – ãàíãëèé òðîé- íè÷íîãî (V) íåðâà; 10 – áàçàëüíàÿ ïëàñòèíêà. Fig. 2. Cross-section of N. natrix embryo’s head at the 30 stage of the development at the level of trigemi- nal nerve`s ganglion: 1– otic capsule; 2– prootic foramen; 3– cerebrum; 4– internal carotid artery; 5– Meckel’s cartilage; 6 – notochord; 7 – pila prootica; 8 – stomodeum; 9 – ganglion of trigeminal nerve; 10 – basal plate. æåíèåì pila prootica. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ñîííûå àðòåðèè, äî èõ âõîäà â ïîëîñòü ÷åðåïà ÷åðåç ñîííûå îòâåðñòèÿ ïðîõîäÿò ëàòåðàëüíî îòíîñèòåëüíî ïàðà- õîðäàëèé – ñòðîãî ïîä ñîåäèíèòåëüíîòêàííîé ìåìáðàíîé, çàòÿãèâàþùåé «îòâåðñòèå Õ» (ðèñ. 2). Ó íåêîòîðûõ ðûá è àìôèáèé îïèñàíû ïðåäóøíûå îòâåðñòèÿ (foramen pro- oticum), îãðàíè÷åííûå pila prootica. ×åðåç ýòè îòâåðñòèÿ âåòâè òðîéíè÷íîãî íåðâà âûõîäÿò èç ïîëîñòè ÷åðåïà (deBeer, 1937). Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ãàíãëèé òðîéíè÷íîãî íåðâà ðàñïîëîæåí ó óæà îáûêíîâåííîãî äîðñàëüíî îòíîñèòåëüíî pila prootica, è åãî âåòâè íå ïðîõîäÿò ÷åðåç ïðåäóøíûå îòâåðñòèÿ (ðèñ. 2). Ïîäîáíûõ îòâåðñòèé íåò ó äðóãèõ ðåïòèëèé. Ó ÿùåðèö è ÷åðåïàõ ãàíãëèé òðîéíè÷íîãî íåðâà çàëåãàåò â ïðåäóøíîé âûðåçêå (fenestra prooticum), ñôîðìè- ðîâàííîé ñëóõîâîé êàïñóëîé è áàçàëüíîé ïëàñòèíêîé, à îðàëüíî îãðàíè÷åí pila antotica (Bellairs, 1981; Êîâòóí, ßðûãèí, 2010). Ìû ïðåäïîëàãàåì, ÷òî «îòâåðñòèÿ Õ» ó çìåé ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé íå ÷òî èíîå, êàê óòðàòèâøèå ñâîþ ôóíêöèþ ïðåäóøíûå îòâåðñòèÿ, îïèñàííûå ó ðûá è çåìíîâîäíûõ, òàê êàê ïðèðîäà è òîïîãðàôèÿ èõ àíàëîãè÷íû. Ýòè îòâåðñòèÿ ó çìåé ñóùåñòâóþò òîëüêî íà ñòàäèè õðÿùåâîãî ÷åðåïà. Íà áîëåå ïîçäíèõ ñòàäèÿõ îíè çàêðûâàþòñÿ îáðàçóþùèìèñÿ çäåñü ïîêðîâíûìè êîñòÿìè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðîâåäåííûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î íàëè÷èè â õðÿùåâîì ÷åðåïå N. natrix pila prootica. Îíà áåðåò íà÷àëî îò ëàòåðàëüíûõ êðàåâ ïåðåäíèõ êîíöîâ ïàðàõîðäàëèé. Ïåðâûå çàêëàäêè pilae prootica îáíàðóæåíû íà 27-é ñòàäèè íîðìàëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Íà 28-é ñòàäèè èõ îðàëüíûå îòðîñòêè ñëèòû ñ çàäíèìè êðàÿìè ïîëÿðíûõ õðÿùåé. Àáîðàëüíîå ïðîäîëæåíèå pila prootica ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ íà 29-é ñòàäèè â âèäå íåðàâíîìåðíî îõðÿùåâåâàþùåãî òÿæà, ïðî- èñõîäÿùåãî èç ëàòåðàëüíîãî êðàÿ ïàðàõîðäàëèé, è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëàòåðàëüíîé ãðàíè- öåé ïðåäóøíûõ îòâåðñòèé. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïðåäóøíûõ îòâåðñòèé â õðÿùåâîì ÷åðåïå… 565 Êîâòóí Ì. Ô., ßðûãèí À.Í.Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ãëàçíè÷íî-âèñî÷íîé îáëàñòè õðÿùåâîãî ÷åðåïà â ýìáðèî- ãåíåçå ïðûòêîé ÿùåðèöû Lacerta agilis (Reptilia, Squamata) // Âåñòí. çîîëîãèè. – 2010. – 44, ¹4. – Ñ. 327—336. Bellairs A. d’A. The chondrocranium and the development of the skull in recent reptiles / A. d’A. Bellairs, A. M. Kamal. – London : Academic Press, 1981. – P. 1—263. – (Biology of the Reptilia / Åds C. Gans, T. S. Parsons ; Vol. 11, Morphology F). Bäckström K. Rekonstruktionsbilder zur Ontogenie des Koopfskelettes von Tropidonotus natrix//Acta Zool., (Stock.) – 1931. – 12. – P. 83—144. deBeer G. R. The early development of the chondrocranium of the lizard // Q. J. Microsc. Sci. – 1930. – 73, N 292. – P. 707—739. deBeer G. R. The development of the vertebrate skull. – Oxford : The Clarendon press, 1937. – 550p. El-Toubi M. R., Kamal A. M., MokhtarF.M.The chondrocranium of late embryos of EgyptianCobra, Naja naje // Anat. Anz. – 1970. – 127. – P. 233—289. El-Toubi M. R., Kamal A. M., Zaher M.M.The development of the chondrocranium of the snake, Malpolon monspessulana. II. The fully formed stage // Acta anat. – 1973. – 85. – P. 593—619. Haluska F., Alberch P. The cranial development of Elaphe obsolete (Ophidia, Colubridae) // J. Morph. – 1983. – 178. – P. 37—55. Kamal A. M., HammoudaH.G. Observations on thechondrocraniumof the snake, Cerastes vipera// Morph. Jb. – 1965 a. – 107. – P. 58—98. Kamal A. M., Hammouda. H. G. The development of the skull of Psammophis sibilans. II. The fully formed chondrocranium. // J. Morph. – 1965b. – 116. – P. 247—296. Kamal A. M., Hammouda.H.G. The chondrocranium of the snake Eryx jaculus//ActaZool.– 1965p.– 46. – P. 176—208. Pringle J.A.The cranial development of certain South African snakes and the relationship of these groups// Proc. Zool. Soc. London – 1954. – 123. – P. 813—865. Simons E. V., Van Horn J. R. A new procedure for whole-mount alcian blue staining of the cartilaginous skeleton of chicken embryos, adapted to the clearing procedure in potassium hydroxide // Acta Morphol. Neerl. – Scand. – 1971. – 8. – P. 281—292. Srinivasachar H. R. Observation on the development of the chondrocranium in Vipera // Anat. Anz. – 1955. – 101. – P. 219—225. Zehr D. R. Stages in the normal development of the common garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis // Copeia. – 1962. – 2. – P. 322—329.

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