Forests and Livelihoods: The Social Dynamics of Deforestation in Developing Countries

274 Pages·1995·16.123 MB·English

by  Solon L. Barraclough, Krishna B. Ghimire

Forests and Livelihoods
The Social Dynamics of Deforestation in
Developing Countries
Solon L. Barraclough and Krishna B. Ghimire
INTERNATIONALPOLITICALECONOMYSERIES
General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor ofPolitical Science and Inter
national Development Studies, and Director ofthe Centre for Foreign Policy
Studies,DalhousieUniversity,NovaScotia,Canada
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Forests and Livelihoods
The Social Dynamics ofDeforestation in
Developing Countries
Solon L. Barraclough
and
Krishna B. Ghimire
~~ (~.~.>\ I.N~
in association with
~~
UNRISD
~
FirstpublishedinGreatBritain 1995by
MACMILLANPRESS LTD
Houndmills,Basingstoke,HarnpshireRG21 6XS
andLondon
Companiesandrepresentatives
throughouttheworld
Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable
fromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN0-333-62889-6hardcover
ISBN0-333-62890-Xpaperback
FirstpublishedintheUnitedStatesofArnerica 1995by
ST. MARTIN'SPRESS,INC..,
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NewYork,N.Y. 10010
ISBN0-312-12911-4
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Contents
ListofTables, Maps andBoxes vii
Ackno~vledgements viii
ListofAbbreviations ix
Study CountriesandRegions: Maps Xl
1 IntroductiontoDeforestationIssuesandthe Case-Studies 1
TheStatusofForestandtheExtentofDeforestation 5
Concepts of 'Forests' and 'Deforestation' 9
Causes ofDeforestation 12
ConsequencesofDeforestation 16
TheCase-Studies 27
OutlineoftheReport 32
2 DeforestationinHistoricalPerspective 34
EuropeanExpansionandColonialDeforestation 35
TheAgrarian ProblemandDeforestation 45
Implications forSustainableDevelopnlentStrategies 49
3 DeforestationanditsImpactsin the Case-StudyAreas .52
ClearingtheBrazilianAmazon forWhom? 52
Plundering·Cent.ral America'sForests andPeople 63
Deforestationand its SocialImpacts inTanzania 79
Social Impacts ofDeforestationinNepal 96
4 Grassroots Responses toDeforestation 106
AdaptingTraditional Livelihoodsto Change 108
Finding AlternativeLivelihoodsLocally 118
Migration as an AlternativetoDeforestation 120
CollectiveReponses toDeforestation 125
5 NationalandInternationalForestProtectionInitiatives 134
Strictly ProtectedAreas 136
ScientificForestManagement 144
MultipleUseManagementofPublicForests 149
IndustrialForestManagement 155
Social Forestry 162
Land-UsePlanning andEcologicalZoning 171
v
vi Contents
6 ConstraintsandOpportunitiesfor SustainableForestUse 176
EcologicalConstraintsandOpportunities 177
DemographicChange 182
Farming Systems andEconomic Structures 186
SocialRelations andLandTenure 193
MarketandPolicy Failures 200
7 ProtectingForestsandLivelihoods 204
SomeNeglectedAspectsofSociallyandEcologically
SustainableStrategies 205
Political Economy ofForestProtectionin theCase-Study
Countries 209
AFewInternationalReforms thatcouldHelp 228
Notes andReferences 238
Bibliography 245
Index 254
List of Tables, Maps and
Boxes
Tables
I.1 Distributionofthe world's forest lands 5
1.2 Preliminary estimatesoftropicalforestareaandrateof
deforestation for 87countriesin the tropicalregion 8
5.1 Forestplantations in developingcountriesattheendof
1980 158
6.1 Total and agriculturalpopulationchanges 1975-88,
percapitaGNP 1987 and annualrates ofdeforestation
1981-85 185
Maps
Brazil Xl
Central America XlI
Nepal XU
Tanzania XllI
Box
1.1 Concepts and definitions oftypesofforests usedin the
tropical forestresources assessmentby theFAG 6
vii
Acknowledgements
We owe a debt ofgratitude to many individuals and institutions for their
help and cooperation. OUf special thanks go to the country and regional
research coordinators for Brazil (Antonio C. Diegues), Central America
(Peter Utting), Nepal (Bharat Shrestha) and Tanzania (Adolfo
Mascarenhas) who have provided the bulk ofthe empirical material used
in this book..Antonio C. Diegues, Peter Utting and Adolfo Mascarenhas
also read and commented on the earlier draft. We are grateful to Marcus
Colchester, Chris Elliott, Ramachandra Guha, Marilyn Hoskins, Jethro
Pettit and Marshall Wolfe for carefully reading the manuscript and
offering us critical relnarks. At UNRISD we received many useful
comments on the book from Yusuf Bangura, Andrea Finger, DharatTI
Ghai, CynthiaHewittdeAlcantaraand SariNissi. Wearealsoindebted to
Jenifer FreedIuan for editorial help and AnitaTombez for typing. Finally
we wish to acknowledge the generous financial support of the Swedish
Agency for Research Cooperation with the Developing Countries
(SAREC) for theresearchprojecton the social dynamics ofdeforestation,
ofwhich this bookis an outcome.
SOLONL. BARRACLOUGH
KRISHNAB. GHIMIRE
viii
List of Abbreviations
AVANCSO Asociaci6nparael Avance de las Ciencias Sociales
en Guatemala(Association for the Advancementof
Social SciencesinGuatemala)
CATIE Centro Agron6mico Tropical de Investigaci6n y
Ensefianza (RegionalTropicalAgronomic Training
andResearchCenter, HQinCostaRica)
CAZRIE Central AridZoneResearchInstitute(HGinIndia).
CEPAL Comision Econ6mica para America Latina y el
Caribe
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research
CIDA Camite Interamericano de Desarrollo Agricola
(Inter-Alnerican Committee for Agricultural
Development)
CIERA CentrodeInvestigacionesyEstudiosde laReforma
Agraria(Nicaragua)
CO Carbon dioxide
2
COHDEFOR Forestry CorporationofHonduras
CSE CentreforScienceandEnvironment(India)
FAD Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations
FBD Forest and Beekeeping Division (Ministry of
Tourism, Natural Resources and the Environment,
Tanzania)
FETRIXY Federation of the Xicaque tribes of Yoro
(Honduras)
HADO Dodoma Land Rehabilitation Programme
(Tanzania)
ICRAF International Council for Research in Agroforestry
(HQin Kenya)
IDESAC Instituto para el Desarrollo Econ6mico y Social de
AmericaCentral (Guatemala)
IFAD InternationalFundfor AgriculturalDevelopment
lIED International Institute for the Environment and
Development(London,UK)
ix