Forest Entomology: A Global Perspective

442 Pages·2011·13.19 MB·English

by  William M. Ciesla(auth.)

Forest
entomology
To:
A. H. MacAndrews
Who introduced me to the world of forest insects
Forest
entomology
A global perspective
By
William M. Ciesla
Thiseditionfirstpublished2011(cid:2)2011byWilliamM.Ciesla
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Ciesla,WilliamM.
Forestentomology:aglobalperspective/byWilliamM.Ciesla.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-4443-3314-5(cloth)
1. Forestinsects. I. Title.
SB761.C5372011
634.9'67—dc22
2010048037
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1 2011
Contents
Acknowledgements,vii 9. BARKANDAMBROSIABEETLES,173
Theauthor,ix
10. LARGECAMBIUMANDWOODBORING
INSECTS,203
Preface,xi
11. SUCKINGINSECTS,233
1. THEWORLD’SFORESTSANDTHEIR
DYNAMICS,1
12. GALLINSECTS,253
2. FORESTINSECTDYNAMICS,15
13. TIP,SHOOTANDREGENERATION
INSECTS,273
3. FORESTINSECTANDHUMAN
INTERACTIONS,31
14. INSECTSOFTREEREPRODUCTIVE
STRUCTURES,295
4. MONITORINGFORESTINSECTS,THEIR
DAMAGEANDDAMAGEPOTENTIAL,49
15. INSECTSOFWOODINUSE,313
5. FORESTINSECTMANAGEMENT,73
References,329
6. FORESTINSECTORDERSAND
SubjectandTaxonomicIndex,355
FAMILIES,97
Hostindex,371
7. FOLIAGEFEEDINGINSECTS–
Colour plate sections appear between pp. 100–101,
LEPIDOPTERA,113
132–133,180–181,228–229and276–277
8. OTHERFOLIAGEFEEDINGINSECTS,149
COMPANIONWEBSITE
Thisbookhasacompanionwebsite:
www.wiley.com/go/ciesla/forest
withFiguresandTablesfromthebookfordownloading
Acknowledgements
A half-century of work as a forester, forest entomolo- RainierPo€hlmann,DirectorofPublicAffairs,Bavari-
gist, remote sensing specialist and forest health pro- anNationalPark,Germany,sharedhisinsightsonbark
grammanagerisreflectedinthepagesofthistext.My beetles,forestdynamicsandpeopleandhowtheyaffect
chosenprofessionhasprovidedmewithopportunities managementpolicyofanationalpark.
to work and travel across much of the USA and also Many friends and colleagues provided photos of
Mexico,portionsofCentralandSouthAmerica,Europe, subjects not available from my own archives. These
Asia and Africa. I have also had the good fortune to included Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service,
meet many outstanding people along the way who S. Sky Stephens, Colorado State Forest Service,
became my mentors, colleagues and friends. Aubrey E. Richard Hoebecke, Cornell University, Paula
H. MacAndrews, Professor of Forest Entomology at Klasmer, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agrope-
the State University of New York, College of Environ- cuaria,Argentina,DavidCappaert,Michigan,R.Scott
mental Science and Forestry at Syracuse University Cameron, International Paper Company, Larry
introduced me to the world of forest insects when I Barber, Sheryl Costello, Jerald E. Dewey, Jose
was an undergraduate forestry student. As a young Negrón and Brian Howell, USDA Forest Service.
forestentomologist,Ihadthegoodfortunetoworkwith Severaloftheimagesinthistextwereaccessedviathe
people like Gene Amman, A.T. Drooz and Hoover www.forestryimages.org website of the University of
Lambert, USDA Forest Service. Robert C. Heller, Georgia,whichistheworkofExtensionEntomologist,
USDAForestServiceandlater,UniversityofIdaho,first G. Keith Douce. William Jacobi, Department of
introduced meto coloraerialphotos asa toolto map BioagriculturalSciencesandPestManagement,Color-
and assess forest insect damage. Russell K. Smith, adoStateUniversity,madeavailablesamplesofdamage
USDA Forest Service, provided me the opportunity, caused by ambrosia beetles, carpenter ants, termites
guidanceandconfidencetomanageforesthealthpro- and wood borers, photos of which are included in
grams in several Forest Service regions and at the thistext.
national level. In partnership with contemporaries, The team at Wiley-Blackwell took the title of this
including J. W. Barry, W. H. Klein, W. B. White, work “A Global Perspective”seriously. They arranged
F.P.Weber,J.D.Wardandmanyothers,weevalu- for constructive and supportive peer review of the
atedandintegratedremotesensing,geographicinfor- manuscript by Robert G. Foottit, Agriculture and
mation systems and the technology of pesticide Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Ward
applicationintoforesthealthprotectionprograms. Cooper, Senior Commissioning Editor and Delia
Jorge Macias (Mexico), Attilio Disperati, Edson Sandford, Managing Editor of Wiley-Blackwell,
Tadeu Iede, Yeda Oliviera and Augusta Rosot Oxford,UKprovidedoverallleadershiptotheproduc-
(Brazil), Aida Baldini Urrutia, Osvaldo Ramierez tion and Kelvin Matthews, Production Manager,
andPatricoOjeda(Chile),JosephMwangi(Kenya), also in Oxford, arranged for peer review and design
Muhammad Yousuf Khan and Hafeez Buzdar ofthecover.MaggieBeveridge,currentlyresidingin
(Pakistan), Zhou Jian Sheng and Wang Gaoping Lusaka,Zambia,servedascopyeditorandwasinstru-
(China), Cernal Akesen and Musa Erkanat mental in transforming astill unfinished draft into a
(Cyprus), Heinrich Schmutzenhofer and Edwin polished document, ready for printing. Jessminder
Donaubauer(Austria),MihaiBarca(Romania)and Kaur, Production Editor, Wiley-Blackwell, Singapore,
manyotherinternationalcolleaguesintroducedmeto supervisedthelayoutandprinting.PrakashNaorem,
the cultures and forests of their respective countries. ThomsonDigital,Noida,Indiaprovidedleadershipto
viii Acknowledgements
thetypesettingandlayout.Therefore,thisprojectwas Cyprus, Kenya, Indonesia, the USA and many other
indeedoneof“global”proportions,withpeoplerepre- places and provided encouragement and support as
senting six countries and four continents working Iresearchedandwrotethistext.Severalofherphotos
togethertomakeitareality. arealsoincluded.
Finally,specialthanksgotomywifeandlifepart-
ner, Pat Ciesla, who spent many long days with WilliamM.Ciesla
me during field assignments in Brazil, China, Chile, FortCollins,Colorado,USA
The author
William M. Ciesla earned a Bachelor of Science OfficerfortheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationofthe
Degree in Forestry from the State University of UnitedNationsinRome,Italyandin1995,chartered
NewYork,CollegeofEnvironmentalScienceandFor- ForestHealth ManagementInternational, aninterna-
estryatSyracuseUniversityin1960.Helaterspecial- tional forest health consulting service based in Fort
ized in forest entomology at the same institution and Collins,Colorado.Hehasworkedwithforestinsectsin
earnedaMasterofScienceDegreein1963.Hebegan over 30 countries and is author or co-author of over
his professional carrier in Asheville, North Carolina 160publications.HeisalsoauthorofStranieri:AnItalian
with USDA Forest Service and subsequently held Odyssey, a light hearted account of life and travels in
assignmentsasaforestentomologistandforesthealth Italy. In 2005 he received the Western Forest Insect
programmanagerinseverallocationsthroughoutthe Work Conference - Founder’s Award for outstanding
USA.From1990to1995heservedasForestProtection contributionstoforestentomologyintheWest.
Preface
Insectsarebyfarthemostdominantgroupofanimals consideredmajorforestpestsandtheirpreventionand
ontheEarth’ssurface.Overamillionspecieshavebeen controlisanintegralpartofforestmanagement.World-
describedandnewspeciesarecontinuouslybeingdis- wide,approximately68millionhaofforestssuffersome
covered.Theyareanintegralpartofthebiodiversityof type of insect damage each year. This is more than
ourplanetandpresentlycompriseabout80–85%ofthe twicetheareaburnedbywildfires(FAO2005).
totalnumberofanimalspeciesknowntoscience.Some Thistextexaminesforestinsectsinaglobalcontext
expertsestimatethatthetotalnumberultimatelyrec- and addresses the species of major concern in the
ognized may eventually approach 30 million species. world’sforestecosystems.Itisdividedintotwoparts:
Morethan1000speciescanoccurinarelativelysimple Chapters 1–5 examine the role of insects in forests,
ecosystemsuchasabackyardandcannumbermany their dynamics and their effects on natural forests,
millionsperhectareoflandsurface. plantations,agroforestrysystems,urbanforests,wood
Inadditiontobeingabundant,insectsareextremely and non-wood products. Approaches to forest insect
diverse and adaptable organisms. They are found in monitoringarereviewedandalternativesformanage-
virtually every ecosystem. Insects are classified into mentofdamagingforestinsectswithintheframework
about30orders.Eachorderisfurthersubdividedand of integrated pest management (IPM) are presented.
classified into families, genera and species. In North Thebasisforclassificationofforestinsectsintoorders
America alone, some 698 families, with an estimated andfamiliesisreviewedinChapter6.Chapters7–15
95,553speciesarerecognized(Erwin1982,Chapman addressthemainthrustofthistextandprovidedescrip-
2006,Triplehorn&Johnson2005). tions of important forest insects, their distribution,
Insectsareanintegralpartofalloftheworld’sforest hosts,lifehistoriesandeconomic,socialandecological
ecosystems. Many species serve beneficial and even impacts. These chapters are organized according to
critical functions in forests. Some visit flowers and the damage the insects cause, rather than by taxo-
pollinateplants.Othersfunctionasagentsinthebreak- nomicgroups.
down of dead vegetation. Insects, such honeybees or Thistextiswrittenforforesters,forestentomologists
the lac insect, provide products beneficial to humans. and forest health specialists engaged in management
Others kill old, mature trees and make way for the and protection of forests, worldwide. It is intended to
establishment of young, more vigorous forests. When callattentiontotheimportanceofinsectsintheworld’s
insectsbecomeexcessivelyabundant,theycandamage forestecosystems,theneedtoconsidermanagementof
treesandforestsandthuscompetewithhumansforthe insect pests as an integral part of sustainable forest
goodsandservicesthatforestsprovide.Somegroupsof managementandtoserveasaguidetotheidentifica-
insects, such as foliage feeders and bark beetles, are tionoftheworld’smajorpestspecies.
Chapter 1
The World’s Forests
and their Dynamics
INTRODUCTION world’sforests presently store an estimated240 giga-
tonnes(Gt)ofcarboninwoodybiomassandatotalof
Forestscover3.952billionhaor30.3%oftheEarth’s 683Gtofcarboninforestecosystemsasawhole(FAO
surface.Otherwoodedlandscoveranother1.3billion 2005,2009a).
ha.1 They provide habitat for many living organisms. The world’s forests have been subject to human
Moreover,theyprovideawealthofgoodsandservices pressuresincethebeginningofcivilization.Largeareas
forhumans.Forestsareasourceofbothwoodandnon- have been deforested to make room for agriculture,
woodproducts,includinglumber,pulpwood,fuelwood, communities, industrial sites, roads and highways.
resinandfooditemssuchasnuts,fruits,mushrooms, Additional areas have been degraded as trees of the
edibleplantsandgame.Inaddition,theyprovidepro- most desirable species and quality were harvested,
tective cover for watersheds, range for domestic ani- forestswereovergrazedbydomesticlivestockorburned
mals and are an important source of recreation and for landclearingorto drivegame.Presently, the rate
spiritual refreshment. A more recently appreciated of forest loss due to land use change is estimated at
valueofforestsistheirabilitytoremoveexcesscarbon 13millionha/year,resultinginanetreductionofforest
from the Earth’s atmosphere, much of which is pro- area of about 7.3 million ha/year. Only 36% of the
duced by humans through burning of fossil fuels or world’sforestsareregardedas“primaryforests.”These
clearingofforests,andstoreitinwoodybiomass.The aredefinedasforestsofnativespeciesinwhichthereis
no clearly visible indication of human activity and
ecological processes are not significantly disturbed
1Forestsaredefinedaslandspanning0.5hawithtreeshigher
(FAO2005,2009a).
than5mandacanopyofmorethan10%.Otherwoodedland
isdefinedaslandspanningmorethan0.5hawithtreeshigher Forestshavethecapacitytoregenerateandproduce
than5mandacanopycoverofbetween5%and10%(FAO goodsandservicesforhumansonacontinuingbasis,
2005,2009a). provided they are managed in a sustainable manner.
ForestEntomology:AGlobalPerspective,FirstEdition.WilliamM.Ciesla.
(cid:2)2011WilliamM.Ciesla.Published2011byBlackwellPublishingLtd.
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