Forest Ecosystems in Industrial Regions: Studies on the Cycling of Energy Nutrients and Pollutants in the Niepołomice Forest Southern Poland

291 Pages·1984·13.689 MB·English

by  K. Grodzińska, B. Adamczyk, A. Ćwikowa (auth.), Prof. Dr. Władysław Grodziński, Dr. January Weiner, Prof. Dr. Paul F. Maycock (eds.)

Ecological Studies
Analysis and Synthesis
Edited by
W D. Billings, Durham (USA) F. B. Galley, Athens (USA)
0. L. Lange, Wfuzburg (FRG) 1. S. Olson, Oak Ridge (USA)
H. Remmert, Marburg (FRG)
Volume 49
Forest Ecosystems
in Industrial Regions
Studies on the Cycling of Energy
Nutrients and Pollutants in the Niepotomice Forest
Southern Poland
Edited by
W Grodzmski,1. Weiner, and P. F. Maycock
With 116 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo 1984
Prof. Dr. WLADYSLAW GRODZINSKI
Dr. JANUARY WEINER
Department of Animal Ecology, JagieJlonian University,
Institute of Environmental Biology, Krupnicza 50, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
Prof. Dr. PAUL F. MAYCOCK
Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Erindale College,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L, IC 6
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-69804-0 e-ISBN-I3: 978-3-642-69802-6
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-69802-6
Forest ecosystems in industrial regions. (Ecological studies; v. 49) Bibliography: p. Includes index. I. Forest
ecology - Poland - Niepolomire Forest. 2. Pollution - Environmental aspects _ Poland _ Niepolomire
Forest. 3. Niepolomire Forest (Poland) I. Grodzinski, W., 11. Weiner, J. (January). 1947-. 111. Maycock,
Paul F., 1930-. IV. Series. QH162.F67 1984 574.5'2642'0943 84-10522
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Preface
A number of well-known forests have been the object of studies by ecological
teams. Every ecologist is familiar with the names of forests such as Whytham
Woods in England (Elton 1966), Solling in West Germany (Ellenberg 1971),
Hubbard Brook in New Hampshire, U.S.A. (Likens et al. 1977, Bormann and
Likens 1979), and ladra6s in Central Sweden (Persson 1980). The number of such
team studies grew rapidly during the period of the International Biological
Programme (Reichle 1981). Each of these forests represented aspects oflocal and
general interest.
The Niepolomice Forest in Southern Poland (Fig. 1) does not possess any
spectacular features and it may be regarded as a typical forest of the lowlands
of continental Europe. Situated in the Vistula River Valley, 20 km east of
Cracow (50°07' N, 20°23' E) it consists of two major sections: an extensive pine
forest of the Pino-Quercetum type, and a smaller, deciduous, oak-hornbeam-
Fig. 1. The location of the Niepolomice Forest in Southern Poland
VI Preface
Tilio Carpinetum forest. This huge forested area (11,000 ha) owes its survival in
one of the most densely populated parts of Europe to a long period of protection
as a royal hunting ground. The period of royal protection ended abruptly at the
turn of 20th century under the devastating blows of two world wars followed by
perhaps an even greater danger, the effects of modern developments in heavy
industry. During the last three decades the forest has been exposed to long-term
air pollution, chiefly sulfur dioxide, heavy metals and fluoride emitted from coal
combustion mainly from metallurgical industry in the region (Grodzinski and
Yorks 1981). Such chronic exposure to airborne pollution at moderate levels
seems to have become a typical situation for temperate zone forests of Europe
and North America.
The Niepolomice Forest has traditionally been a study area for ecologists
from the nearby academic center of Cracow. The first studies of forest habitats
were begun by Professors E. Chodzicki and B. Pawlowski as early as the mid
1940's. Comprehensive studies on the productivity of deciduous forests were
initiated by Professor A. Medwecka-Kornas in the late 1960's and continued
well into the 1970's. Later, a group under the direction of the late Professor
S. Myczkowski studied the effects of industrial emission on pine forests. More
than 200 papers and reports have been published on subjects relating to the
Niepolomice Forest, 167 of which are listed in the bibliography covering the
1946-1978 period (Banasik 1978b).
This book originated from a team project funded from 1976 by the Polish
Academy of Sciences and co-ordinated by one of the editors (W.G.). The project
was organized to study the functioning of a forest ecosystem under air polution
stress. The broader objective was to formulate a set of ecological recommenda
tions for forest management in industrial regions (Grodzinski 1978, Rich 1979).
Nearly 80 senior research workers pooled their abilities and experience to work on
the project. Of this number 52 in all have contributed to this book.
Our studies emanated from a cartoon conceived by one of the editors (J.W.)
showing the forest as an input-output system with dust and aerosol as inputs
and a total output with water (Fig. 2). As usual, the most exciting aspect for
inquisitive ecologists was the black box in the center of the sketch.
In Chapter 1 the reader will find the existing general features of the forest.
The input of air pollutants is presented in Chapter 2, whereas the release from
the forest occurs in Chapter 6. The three intervening chapters (3, 4, and 5) deal
with primary production, secondary production, and decomposition considered
in terms of both energy flow and matter cycling. The relationships of these
aspects to the whole system permitted one to follow the main transfers of energy,
nutrients and pollutants and these are presented in Chapter 7. The Epilogue
(Chap. 8) provides some general concepts concerning forest management in
industrial regions.
The editors and authors challenge you to read the book through. If not, begin
with Chapter 7 on general budgets which, it is hoped, may send you browsing
among others.
This book has had a rather long gestation period although parturition was
smooth. Most of the editorial work was done by Dr. J. Weiner. In the final phases
of the editorial work Professor P. F. Maycock, Visiting Professor at the Institute
Preface VII
OUTPUT
SINK
Fig. 2. An input-outout black box model of an ecosystem
of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow, on leave from Erindale College
of the University of Toronto, Canada, contributed immensely to the final shape of
the book. In the course of preparation the editors worked with the authors mainly
via chapter editors. Without their indispensable efforts this book would have
never been completed.
The concept of the book developed gradually at a series of annual meetings of
the group as a whole. The project co-ordinator (yo!. Grodzinski) tried desperately
to keep this multidisciplinary team of80 scientists together, promoting a common
language among ecologists, forest scientists, dendrologists, hydrologists and geo
chemists, soil biologists and even engineers and economists, and attempted to
ensure an influx of funds.
This project,has recently been extended for another 5 years and new field
experiments have been introduced (e.g., application of industrial dust and
fertilizers to the forest floor). Some preliminary reports have already been
published (Greszta et al. 1982a, b). Our book has been preceded by a more
practical report entitled Ecological principles for re-building the region of the
Niepolomice Forest (Grodzinski and Lesinski 1978) with practical recommen
dations on the gradual re-structuring of forest stands, amelioration, aerial
fertilization and wildlife management. Some of these have already been im
plemented.
We all are very grateful to the Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of
Sciences, for supporting this project. Special thanks are due to Professor
R. Z. Klekowski, at the time Director of the [nstitute, and current chief
coordinator of the ecological program MR.IlfI5, for his long-standing interest in
our studies. The assistance we have received from the authorities of the City of
Cracow and the Forest Administration has been most helpful. Among the many
persons involved we would like to mention Mr. T. Irzabek, M.Sc., Manager of
VIII Preface
the Niepolomice Forest District. We appreciate very greatly the patient and
stimulating co-operation of the Publishers, Springer Verlag, especially that of
Dr. D. Czeschlik. Chapters have been translated by Dr. A. Hoffman (1-6),
Dr. R. Tertii (7), and Prof. M. Giertych (8). Ms. F. Sko1imowska, M.Sc. typed
the complete text several times. To all these people and to many who have not
been mentioned here we express our sincere gratitude for their invaluable
contributions.
August 1984 W. GRODZINSKl
Contents
1. The Niepolomice Forest: Existing Features. Editor: K. GRODZINSKA.
(With 18 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 Flora and Vegetation of the Niepolomice Forest. By A. CWIKOWA,
A. GRABOWSKI, A. J. LESINSKI, and S. MYCZKOWSKI 2
1.1.1 Tree Layer . . . . 2
1.1.2 Flora . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 Forest Communities 6
1.2 Soils. By B. ADAMCZYK . 11
1.3 Climate. By J. KLEIN . . 16
1.3.1 Solar Radiation and Insolation 16
1.3.2 Air Circulation . . . . . 17
1.3.3 Thermal Relations. . . . 19
1.3.4 Atmospheric Precipitation. 20
1.3.5 Air Humidity . . . . . . 22
1.3.6 Final Remarks . . . . . 22
1.4 History of the Niepolomice Forest. By M. ROKOSZ 24
1.4.1 Forest Management 24
1.4.2 Water Relationships . 26
1.4.3 Wildlife . . . . . . 26
1.4.4 Concluding Remarks . 27
1.5 Bioindication of Environmental Deterioration. By K. GRODZINSKA. 27
2. Transport and Input of Air Pollutants in the Niepolomice Forest Area.
Editor: A. MANECKI. (With 28 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5
2.1 Introduction. By A. MANECKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 6 . .
2.2 Emission of Industrial Air Pollutants. By E. GARSCIA, A. MANECKI,
and K. P. ZAJ4C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.1 Emission by Distant Industrial Complexes. . . . . . . " 37
2.2.2 Emission by Adjacent Industrial Installations . . . . . .. 37
2.3 Evaluation of Aerosol Pollution Transport Using Remote-Sensing
Methods. By J. W ALCZEWSKI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.4 Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollutant Spread in Forest Areas.
By J. LEwINSKA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
x
Contents
2.5 Concentration, Transformation, and Deposition of Sulfur Compounds.
By S. KASINA, J. KWIEK, and J. LEWINSKA . . . . . . . 45
2.5.1 Concentration of Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfate Aerosol 47
2.5.2 Estimation of the Dry Deposition of Sulfur 51
2.5.3 Wet Deposition of Sulfur . . . 51
2.5.4 Precipitation Acidity . . . . . 54
2.5.5 Input of Sulfur to the :::iubstrate 56
2.5.6 Particulate Matter . . . . . . 56
2.6 Input and Mineral Composition of Dust to the Substrate.
By A. MANECKI and A. SKOWRONSKI . . . . 58
2.6.1 Amounts of Dust Fall . . . . . . . . 59
2.6.2 Highly Soluble Particulate Components. 61
2.6.3 Slightly Soluble Particulate Components 61
2.6.4 Chemical Composition of the Dust Fall. 64
2.6.5 Geochemical Characteristics of the Substrate 67
2.7 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3. Primary Production in the Niepolomice Forest Ecosystems.
Editor: R. RIEGER. (With 10 Figures) . . . . . . . . . 69
3.1 Introduction. By R. RIEGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.2 Growing Stock and Increment of Tree Stands. By R. RIEGER,
S. GRABCZYNSKI, S. ORZEL, and J. RAIMER. . . . . . . . . 70
3.2.1 The Characteristics of Tree Stands of the Niepolomice Forest . 70
3.2.2 Dendrometric Characteristics of Tree Stands in Selected Areas . 71
3.2.3 Productivity of Tree Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 5 .
3.3 Photosynthetic Productivity. By M. CZARNOWSKI and W. MACZEK. 78
3.3.1 Seasonal Changes in the Photosynthetic Activity of Leaves in
Areas with Variable Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.3.2 Seasonal Photosynthetic Production and Respiration in Leaves of
Selected Tree Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80. . .
3.3.3 Productivity and Accumulation of Solar Energy in Oak-Horn
beam Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 . .
3.3.4 Seasonal Changes in the Rate of Photosynthesis and Respiration
of Pine Shoots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 3 .
3.3.5 Effects of Industrial Air Pollution on the Morphology and
Abundance of Pine Needles. . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.3.6 Potential Photosynthetic Production of Long Pine Shoots ., 85
3.3.7 Estimation of Photosynthetic Production of Pine Forests .. 86
3.4 Productivity of the Herb Layer. By J. BANASIK and B. ZEMANEK 87
3.4.1 Study Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.4.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.4.3 Production of the Herb Layer in Forest Communities. 88
3.4.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Contents XI
3.5 Productivity of Nonforest Vegetation. By Z. DENISIUK 91
3.5.1 Nonforest Communities . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.5.2 Productivity of Nonforest Communities. . . . 92
3.6 The Concentration of Nutrients and Pollutants in Plant Materials in the
Niepolomice Forest. By K. GRODZINSKA . 95
3.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98. . . .
4. Energy and Matter Flow Through Consumers in the Niepolomice Forest
Ecosystem. Editor: A. G6RECKI. (With 12 Figures) . . . . . . . .1 01.
4.1 Introduction. By W. GRODZINSKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 02 . .
4.2 Ecology, Energetics and the Significance of Phytophagous Insects in
Deciduous and Coniferous Forests. By Z. WITKOWSKI, and
K. BORUNSIEWICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 103
4.2.1 Sampling Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 03 . . .
4.2.2 Species Composition, Bioenergetics, and Biomass Structure . . 104
4.2.3 Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Calcium) in
Insect Bodies and Excrement . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 08. .
4.2.4 Phytophagous Insects in the Ecosystems of the Niepolomice
Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.2.5 Effects of Industrial Pollution on the Insect Fauna.
By K. BORUSIEWICZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.3 Energy and Matter Flow Through Homeothermic Consumers. 113
4.3.1 Energy and Matter Flow Through Rodents. By A. G6RECKI 113
4.3.2 Energy and Matter Flow Through Ungulates. By B. BOBECK,
and K. PERZANOWSKI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.3.3 Energy and Matter Flow Through Bird Populations.
By Z. GLOWACINSKI, J. KOZLOWSKI, and J. WEINER. 125
4.3.4 Energy and Matter Flow Through Carnivores.
By W; GRODZINSKI and J. WASILEWSKI . . . . . . 132
4.4 Flow of Heavy Metals Through Selected Homeotherm Consumers.
By K. SAWICKA-KAPUSTA and J. KOZLOWSKI. . . . . . . ... 139
4.5 Impact of Consumers on the Forest Ecosystems of the Niepolomice
Forest. By A. G6RECKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 43. . .
5. Decomposition in the Pine Forests on Niepolomice. By J. ZIELINSKI.
(With 8 Figures) 149
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.2 Study Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.3 Matter Dynamics and Balance in the Litter. 153
5.4 Turnover Rate of Matter in Forest Ecosystems 161
5.5 Decomposition Rate of Dead Organic Matter. 163