ebook img

Forest Decline in the Atlantic and Pacific Region PDF

373 Pages·1993·13.265 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Forest Decline in the Atlantic and Pacific Region

R.F. Huettl D. Mueller-Dombois (Eds.) Forest Decline in the Atlantic and Pacific Region With 148 Figures, Partly in Colour Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Dr. habil. REINHARD F. HUETTL Center for Agricultural Landscape and Landuse Research Institute of Forest Ecology Dr.-Zinn-Weg 0-1300 Eberswalde Federal Republic of Germany Professor Dr. DIETER MUELLER-DoMBOIS University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, HI 96822, USA ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76997-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76995-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76995-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Forest decline in the Atlantic and Pacific region/R.F. Huettl, D. Mueller-Dombois (eds.). p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 3-540-54640-5 (acid-free paper)-ISBN 0-387-54640-5 (U.S.: acid-free paper). 1. Forest declines-Congresses. I. Huettl, R.F. (Reinhard F.), 1957- . II. Mueller-Dombois, Dieter, 1925 . SB765.F67 1992. 582.16'05222-dc 20. 92-25602 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. D Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1993 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting Macmillan India Ltd., Bangalore-25 31/3145/SPS-543210-Printed on acid-free paper Preface and Introductory Remarks Forest damage, forest decline and forest dieback - not initiated by biotic agents - are occurring in the Atlantic and Pacific regions. In plantation forests of Central Europe and southeastern USA, this serious problem is considered to be at least to some extent related to the adverse impacts of industrial air pollutants and their atmo spheric conversion products such as acid rain or ozone. The same is true for non-commercial forests in the northeastern USA (e.g. red spruce decline) and in southeastern Canada (e.g. sugar maple de cline). We will not discuss the long series of hypotheses which have originated through the intensive research in this field over the last 15 years which ranged from direct impacts such as S02 or 0 damage 3 to indirect pathways such as Al toxicity or N saturation. It should simply be noted that all these impacts have to be seen in the context of the prevailing site and stand conditions, and these vary con siderably, even locally. In general, however, the declining forests are growing on acid soils. Therefore it is not too surprising that nutrit ional imbalances are involved in various site- and stand-specific decline types. The most common disorder and also a truly new phenomenon is that of Mg deficiency, particularly in conifers (e.g. Norway spruce). Abiotic forest declines are also observed in natural forests of the Pacific region, for example in the Hawaiian Islands, in New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Japan, the Galapagos Islands and Alaska. These declines have been related to natural causes, with stand demography and infertile soils (e.g. N, P deficiency) playing an important role in certain die back situations since air pollution and other negative anthropogenic influences are practically absent in these areas. However, it is noteworthy that almost synchronously with the Mg-deficiency phenomenon, associated with declining Eu ropean and North American conifer plantations, Mg deficiency has also developed in artificial Pinus radiata stands on acid soils of the north island in New Zealand, an area completely devoid of industrial air pollutants or acid rain. Hence, comparable forest decline phenomena exist in plantation and natural forests in the Atlantic and Pacific region. But only the forests of the Atlantic area are influenced by air pollution. Up to now no serious approach has been undertaken to explain why abiotic declines are believed to be caused by the adverse effects of air VI Preface and Introductory Remarks pollution whereas comparable forest declines in areas free of air pollution, have been attributed to natural causes. Furthermore, the global increase in the atmospheric CO concentration is not recei 2 ving the attention it probably deserves with respect to forest decline. It therefore appeared appropriate and timely to conduct a conference to report on typical decline phenomena in these two regions, to discuss potential causes, effects and mitigation strategies, and to seriously address the question whether there are any com monalities/similarities on a functional and/or structural basis that are relevant to the forest decline in both regions. To accomplish this goal an international symposium with the theme "Forest Decline in the Atlantic and Pacific Region" was held in Hilo, Hawaii (USA), June 2-6,1991 as a satellite conference of the XVII Pacific Science Congress that took place in Honolulu, Hawaii, May 27-June 2, 1991. Several of the papers included in this volume were presented in Hilo and some were especially prepared to guaran tee a comprehensive and objective review of the present state of knowledge of this problem. The contributions are organized under three main headings: - Forest decline in the Atlantic region; - Forest decline in the Pacific region; - Summary and concluding remarks. We would like to take the opportunity here to thank the organizers and participants who made this meeting a truly international and successful event. The symposium was sponsored by the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station and Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Monitoring Pro gram, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA. The success of the symposium and the associated field tours were due, in large part, to the spirit of friendship, the willing cooperation and active participation shown by the more than 50 scientists coming from as far north as Finnish Lapland and as far south as Australia. This is a tribute to both the symposium committee and the Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu, which hosted the symposium. In addition, we would like to thank the authors of the invited papers who could not attend the Hawaii symposium for their valuable contributions and all authors for keeping within the pro posed time frame set for preparing and submitting their interesting manuscripts. We hope that this volume will stimulate greater inter national commitment to integrated research on the forest decline in the Atlantic and Pacific regions and especially the proper applica tion of research results for ecological, economic and social benefits. Eberswalde, Germany R.F. HUETTL Honolulu, Hawaii, USA D. MUELLER-DoMBOIS May 1992 Acknowledgement The help of the following colleagues who referred manuscripts is gratefully acknowledged. Abetz, P. - Germany Lamb, D. - Australia Arndt. U. - Germany Landmann, G. - France Berlyn, G. P. - USA Matzner, E. - Germany Brahmer, G. Germany Miller, H.G. - Great Britain Braekke, F.H. - Norway Ogden, J. - New Zealand Clarkson, B. - New Zealand Pollanschuetz, J. - Austria Dimitri, L. - Germany Pretsch, H. - Germany Drake, D.R. - USA Raitio, H. - Finland Ende, H.-P. - Germany Rehfuess, K.-E. - Germany Evers, F.-H. - Germany Robichaux, R. - USA Feger, K.-H. - Germany Schlaepfer, R. - Switzerland Fink, S. - Germany Schroter, H. - Germany Gerrish, G. - USA Schulze, E.-D. -Germany Heinsdorf, D. - Germany Skelly, J. - USA Hertel, G. - USA Spiecker, H. - Germany Hosking, G. - New Zealand Stefan, K. - Austria Jacobi, J.D. - USA Tomlinson, G.H. - Canada Jaeger, A. - Germany Ulrich, B. - Germany Johnson, D.W. USA Vitousek, P. - USA Kandler, O. - Germany Weetman, G. F. - Canada Keller, Th. - Switzerland Wellburn, F. - Great Britain Kenk, G. - Germany Wissel, C. - Germany Kreutzer, K. - Germany Zottl, H.W. - Germany Contents I. Forest Decline in the Atlantic Region Forest Decline in Switzerland: A Review F. HAEMMERLI and R. SCHLAEPFER. With 6 Figures .. 3 Role of Climate, Stand Dynamics and Past Management in Forest Declines: A Review of Ten Years of Field Ecology in France G. LANDMANN. With 9 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Some Factors Affecting the Crown Density of Trees in Great Britain Based on Recent Annual Surveys of Forest Condition J.L. INNES. With 3 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 The Effects of Acidic Deposition and Ozone on Forest Tree Species in the Eastern United States: Results from the Forest Response Program G.D. HERTEL, C. EAGAR, S.A. MEDLARZ, and M.W. McFADDEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 54 Atmospheric Deposition, Forest Nutrient Status, and Forest Decline: Implications of the Integrated Forest Study D.W. JOHNSON, S.E. LINDBERG, H. VAN MIEGROET, G.M. LOVETT, D.W. COLE, MJ. MITCHELL, and D. BINKLEY. With 6 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66 Changes in the Role of Nitrogen in Central European Forests K. KREUTZER. With 4 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Mg Deficiency - A "New" Phenomenon in Declining Forests - Symptoms and Effects, Causes, Recuperation R.F. HUETTL. With 6 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97 K Deficiency of Spruce on Acid Soils Results in Needle Yellowing Quite Similar to "Acute Yellowing", A Syndrome of the New Type of Forest Decline M. SENSER and K.-A. HOPKER. With 7 Figures .......... 115 x Contents Calcium and Magnesium Deficiency in Young Pines and the Stand Structure on the Affected Habitats H. RAITIO. With 1 Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 132 Temporal Changes in Norway Spruce Foliar Nutrients and Response to Fertilization A. ADAMOWICZ, J.M. SKELLY, and L.H. MCCORMICK ....... 144 Response of Sugar Maple to Seven Types of Fertilization in Southern Quebec: Growth and Nutrient Status B. COTE, W.H. HENDERSHOT, and I. O'HALLORAN. With 1 Figure ............................. 162 Microscopic Criteria for the Diagnosis of Abiotic Injuries to Conifer Needles S. FINK. With 31 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Vitality of Mycorrhizas and Health Status of Trees in Diverse Forest Stands in West Germany 1. KOTTKE, R. WEBER, T. RITTER, and F. OBERWINKLER. With 6 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Growth in "Declining" Forests of Baden-Wiirttemberg (Southwestern Germany) G. KENK. With 10 Figures ...................... 202 Development of the Recent Episode of Tannensterben (Fir Decline) in Eastern Bavaria and the Bavarian Alps O. KANDLER. With 8 Figures .................... 216 II. Forest Decline in the Pacific Region Forest Decline in the Hawaiian Islands: A Brief Summary D. MUELLER-DOMBOIS. With 6 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 229 Distribution and Dynamics of M etrosideros Dieback on the Island of Hawai'i: Implications for Management Programs J.D. JACOBI. With 4 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Using a Life History-Carbon Balance Model for Forest Decline Research G. GERRISH. With 1 Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Modelling Factors Which May Cause Stand-Level Dieback in Forest F. JELTSCH and C. WISSEL. With 6 Figures ............ 251 Contents XI Episodic Mortality, Forest Decline and Diversity in a Dynamic Landscape: Tongariro National Park, New Zealand J. OGDEN, Ch.H. LUSK, and M.G. STEEL. With 7 Figures. 261 N othofagus Decline in New Zealand: Separating Causes from Symptoms G. HOSKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 275 The Cabbage Trees (Cordyline australis) Are Dying: Investigations of Sudden Decline in New Zealand P. SIMPSON. With 4 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 The Role of Nutrition in Forest Decline - A Case Study of Pinus radiata in New Zealand I.R. HUNTER. With 9 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 293 Rural Dieback in Australia and Subsequent Landscape Amelioration M.D. LOWMAN and H. HEATWOLE. With 5 Figures. . ... 307 Group Death of Araucaria hunsteinii K. Schumm (Klinkii Pine) in a New Guinea Rainforest N.J. ENRIGHT. With 6 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... 321 On the Decline of Fir (Abies densa Griff.) in Bhutan E. DONAUBAUER. With 1 Figure. . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... 332 Biotic Impoverishment and Climate Change: Global Causes of Forest Decline? D. MUELLER-DoMBOIS. With 1 Figure ............... 338 III. Summary and Concluding Remarks R.F. HUETTL .............................. 351 Subject Index . ............................. 359 List of Contributors Addresses are given at the beginning of the respective contribution. Adamowicz, A. 144 Kottke, I. 189 Kreutzer, K. 82 Binkley, D. 66 Landmann, G. 18 Cole, D.W. 66 Lindberg, S.E. 66 Cote, B. 162 Lovett, G.M. 66 Donaubauer, E. 332 Lowman, M.D. 307 Lusk, Ch.H. 261 Eagar, C. 54 Enright, N.J. 321 McCormick, L.H. 144 McFadden, M.W. 54 Fink, S. 175 Medlarz, S.A. 54 Mitchell, M.J. 66 Gerrish, G. 243 Mueller-Dombois, D. 229, 338 Haemmerli, F. 3 Heatwole, H. 307 Oberwinkler, F. 189 Hendershot, W.H. 162 Ogden, J. 261 Hertel, G.D. 54 O'Halloran, I. 162 Hapker, K.-A. 115 Raitio, H. 132 Hosking, G. 275 Ritter, T. 189 Huettl, R.F. 97, 351 Hunter, I.R. 293 Schlaepfer, R. 3 Senser, M. 115 Innes, J.L. 40 Simpson, P. 280 Jacobi, J.D. 236 Skelly, J.M. 144 Jeltsch, F. 251 Steel, M.G. 261 Johnson, D.W. 66 Van Miegroet, H. 66 Kandler, O. 216 Weber, R. 189 Kenk, G. 202 Wissel, C. 251

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.