Forest BioEnergy Production: Management, Carbon sequestration and Adaptation

268 Pages·2013·6.12 MB·English

by  Seppo Kellomäki

Forest BioEnergy Production
Seppo Kellomäki (cid:129)Antti Kilpeläinen
Ashraful Alam
Editors
Forest BioEnergy Production
Management, Carbon Sequestration
and Adaptation
2123
Editors
SeppoKellomäki AshrafulAlam
SchoolofForestSciences SchoolofForestSciences
UniversityofEasternFinland UniversityofEasternFinland
Joensuu Joensuu
Finland Finland
AnttiKilpeläinen
FinnishEnvironmentInstitute
andUniversityofEasternFinland
Joensuu
Finland
ISBN978-1-4614-8390-8 ISBN978-1-4614-8391-5(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-8391-5
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013947602
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Preface
Throughouttheworld,forestsandforestecosystemsprovidetimber,otherrawmate-
rials,non-timberbenefits,andprotectionagainstnaturalandhuman-inducedthreats.
Forestsarealsoanimportantenergysource,providingfuelwoodandenergybiomass.
In industrialized countries, fossil fuels have, however, replaced wood and become
the dominant source of energy. Currently, coal, oil and natural gas provide cheap
optionsformosthumanenergyneeds.Useoffossilfuelsisincreasingatmospheric
concentrationsofgreenhousegases(GHGs),especiallycarbondioxide(CO ),with
2
theconsequentwarmingofglobalclimateandchangesinprecipitation. Globalef-
fortsareneededtomitigatetheclimatechangeandminimizetheimpactsofclimate
change.Inthisrespect,thesubstitutionoffossilfuelswithrenewableenergysources
like forest biomass is among the ways to mitigate climate change. This option is
attractive, becauseithasadirecteffectontheglobalcarboncycleandallowsitto
becontrolledthroughpropermanagementofforestresourcesandforestecosystems.
Mitigating climate change through substituting fossil fuels is a new dimension of
sustainableforestryandforestmanagement.
Thisbooksummarizesrecentexperiencesonhowtomanageforestlandtoproduce
woodybiomassforenergyuseandwhatarethepotentialstomitigateclimatechange
by substituting fossil fuels in energy production. A key question is whether the
energy based on forest biomass is carbon-neutral or not and what the possibilities
are to reduce CO emissions through proper management integrating timber and
2
energy biomass in forestry. The book outlines the close interaction between the
ecologicalsystemsandindustrialsystems,whichcontrolsthecarboncyclebetween
theatmosphereandbiosphere.Inthisrespect,sustainableforestmanagementisakey
tounderstandandcontrolcarbonemissionsduetotheutilizationofforestbiomass
(e.g.frommanagement,harvestingandlogistics,andecosystemprocesses),which
areoftenomittedfromassessmentsofthecarbonneutralityofenergysystemsbased
onforestbiomass.
Thefocusinthisbookisonforestsandforestryintheborealandtemperatezones,
particularlyinNorthernEurope,wheretheuseofwoodybiomassintheenergyindus-
tryhasincreasedrapidlyinrecentyears.However,theglobaldimensionsofforests
andforestryplacelocalfindingsinlargerperspectives.Thisconcernsespeciallythe
questionsoftheroleofforest-basedbioenergyincontrollingthewarmingofglobal
v
vi Preface
climate.Among many things, the book addresses how management can affect the
supplyofenergybiomassusingshort-rotationforestryandtheconventionalforestry
applyinglongrotations.Inthelattercase,therearemanylinksbetweentimberpro-
ductionandthesupplyofenergybiomass,whichrequirecarefulconsiderationinthe
managementofforestresources.
We are grateful to all the persons who contributed to this book. Their role was
most crucial to offer a wide and deep insight into some current issues which are
affectingtheuseandacceptanceofforest-basedbiomassinenergyproduction.We
alsowanttoacknowledgeMr.HarriStrandman,UniversityofEasternFinland,for
his help in preparing and editing the figures of this book. We are also grateful for
the support from the “Motive” research program (EU Grant Agreement 226544)
of the European Union, the ENERWOODS project of Nordic Energy Research,
Kone Foundation and strategic funding from the University of Eastern Finland
(SUBIproject).Theauthorsaresupportedbyvariousorganizationsand/orfunding
agenciesasspecifiedinseparatechapters.Wegratefullyacknowledgethissupport.
Joensuu,Finland SeppoKellomäki
May2013 AnttiKilpeläinen
AshrafulAlam
Contents
1 Introduction................................................... 1
SeppoKellomäki,AnttiKilpeläinenandAshrafulAlam
PartI ForestManagementforBioenergyProduction
2 TreeSpecies,GeneticsandRegenerationforBioenergyFeedstock
inNorthernEurope ............................................ 7
LarsRytter,KarinJohansson,BoKarlssonandLars-GöranStener
3 Short-rotationForestryforSupplyingBiomassforEnergyProduction 39
HardiTullus,ArvoTullusandLarsRytter
4 IntegratedProductionofTimberandEnergyBiomassinForestry ... 57
JohannaRouta,PirittaPyörälä,AshrafulAlam,AnttiKilpeläinen,
HeliPeltolaandSeppoKellomäki
5 NutrientManagementforSustainableProductionofEnergy
BiomassinBorealForests....................................... 81
Heljä-SiskoHelmisaariandLilliKaarakka
6 FertilizationinBorealandTemperateForestsandthePotential
forBiomassProduction......................................... 95
Per-OlaHedwallandJohanBergh
7 IntegrationofManagementMeasuresforBioenergyProduction
fromSpatialandTemporalPerspectivesinaForestRegion—
theCaseofFinland............................................. 111
AnttiKilpeläinenandMitchBaker
vii
viii Contents
PartII MitigationandCarbonSequestration
8 EffectsofBioenergyProductiononCarbonSequestration
inForestEcosystems ........................................... 125
SeppoKellomäki,AnttiKilpeläinenandAshrafulAlam
9 StumpHarvesting,BioenergyFeedstockandSequestration
ofCarboninSoil............................................... 159
AshrafulAlam,SeppoKellomäkiandAnttiKilpeläinen
10 LifeCycleCarbonAssessmentofBioenergyProduction ............ 171
AnttiKilpeläinen
11 TimeDynamicsandRadiativeForcing ofForestBioenergySystems 185
RogerSathre,LeifGustavssonandSylviaHaus
PartIII Adaptation
12 Climate Change and Forest Management: Implications for Energy
BiomassProduction inBorealForestEcosystems.................. 209
AshrafulAlam
13 RiskandUncertaintyinAdaptiveForestManagement
UnderClimateChange ......................................... 223
RasoulYousefpourandBoJellesmarkThorsen
14 EconomicCompetitivenessofForestBiomassEnergy .............. 239
SepulK.BaruaandRenatoBonilha
PartIV FutureDirection/Conclusions
15 Conclusions ................................................... 255
SeppoKellomäki,AnttiKilpeläinenandAshrafulAlam
Annex............................................................ 259
Index ............................................................ 263
Contributors
AnttiKilpeläinen FinnishEnvironmentInstituteandUniversityofEasternFinland,
Yliopistokatu7,80101Joensuu,Finland
e-mail:antti.kilpelainen@uef.fi
ArvoTullus DepartmentofBotany,InstituteofEcologyandEarthSciences,Faculty
ofScienceandTechnology,UniversityofTartu,Lai40,Tartu51005,Estonia
e-mail:[email protected]
AshrafulAlam SchoolofForestSciences,UniversityofEasternFinland,Yliopis-
tokatu7,80101Joensuu,Finland
e-mail:ashraful.alam@uef.fi
Bo JellesmarkThorsen DepartmentofFoodandResourceEconomics,University
ofCopenhagen,Rolighedsvej23,1958FrederiksbergC,Denmark
e-mail:[email protected]
Bo Karlsson TheForestryResearchInstituteofSweden(Skogforsk),Ekebo2250,
26890Svalöv,Sweden
e-mail:[email protected]
Hardi Tullus Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forestry and Rural En-
gineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu,
Estonia
e-mail:[email protected]
HeliPeltola SchoolofForestSciences,UniversityofEasternFinland,Yliopistokatu
7,80101Joensuu,Finland
e-mail:heli.peltola@uef.fi
Heljä-SiskoHelmisaari DepartmentofForestSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,PL
27(Latokartanonkaari7),00014Helsinki,Finland
e-mail:helja-sisko.helmisaari@helsinki.fi
JohanBergh DepartmentofSouthernSwedishForestResearch,SwedishUniver-
sityofAgriculturalSciences,Box49,23053Alnarp,Sweden
e-mail:[email protected]
ix
x Contributors
Johanna Routa Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla), Joensuu Unit, PL 68,
80101Joensuu,Finland
e-mail:johanna.routa@metla.fi
KarinJohansson TheForestryResearchInstituteofSweden(Skogforsk), Ekebo
2250,26890Svalöv,Sweden
e-mail:[email protected]
Lars-GöranStener TheForestryResearchInstituteofSweden(Skogforsk),Ekebo
2250,26890Svalöv,Sweden
e-mail:[email protected]
LarsRytter TheForestryResearchInstituteofSweden(Skogforsk),Ekebo2250,
26890Svalöv,Sweden
e-mail:[email protected]
Leif Gustavsson Sustainable Built Environment Group, Energy and Building
Technology,LinnaeusUniversity,Växjö,Sweden
e-mail:[email protected]
Lilli Kaarakka Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PL 27
(Latokartanonkaari7),00014Helsinki,Finland
e-mail:lilli.kaarakka@helsinki.fi
Mitch Baker Tree Time Services Inc., #204 9366 49 St., T6B 2L7 Edmonton,
Alberta,Canada
e-mail:[email protected]
Per-Ola Hedwall Department of Southern Swedish Forest Research, Swedish
UniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Box49,23053Alnarp,Sweden
e-mail:[email protected]
PirittaPyörälä SchoolofForestSciences,UniversityofEasternFinland,Yliopis-
tokatu7,80101Joensuu,Finland
e-mail:piritta.pyorala@uef.fi
RasoulYousefpour Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of
Copenhagen,Rolighedsvej23,1958FrederiksbergC,Denmark
e-mail:[email protected]
RenatoBonilha DepartmentofForestSciences, UniversityofHelsinki, Latokar-
tanonkaari7,00014Helsinki,Finland
e-mail:renato.bonilha@helsinki.fi
Roger Sathre Sustainable Built Environment Group, Energy and Building Tech-
nology,LinnaeusUniversity,Växjö,Sweden
e-mail:[email protected]
Seppo Kellomäki School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland,
Yliopistokatu7,80101Joensuu,Finland
e-mail:seppo.kellomaki@uef.fi