Forensic Science

1139 Pages·2009·22.93 MB·English

by  Ayn Embar-seddon

Forensic
Science
Forensic
Science
Volumes 1 3
-
Edited by
Ayn Embar-Seddon
Capella University
Allan D. Pass
National Behavioral Science Consultants
Salem Press, Inc.
Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey
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Cover photo:Scott Rubins/Forensic Futures Education Group/www.forensicfutures.com
Copyright © 2009, bySalem Press, Inc.
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∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Per-
manence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997).
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Forensic science / edited by Ayn Embar-Seddon, Allan D. Pass.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN978-1-58765-423-7(set:alk.paper)—ISBN978-1-58765-424-4(vol.1:alk.paper)—
ISBN978-1-58765-425-1(vol.2:alk.paper)—ISBN978-1-58765-426-8(vol.3:alk.paper) 1.
Forensic sciences. I. Embar-Seddon, Ayn. II. Pass, Allan D.
HV8073.F5837 2009
363.25—dc22
2008030674
printed in the united states of america
Contents
Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Arson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Publisher’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Art forgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Asian tsunami victim identification . . . . 78
Complete List of Contents. . . . . . . . . . xv Asphyxiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Assassination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Accelerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ATF.SeeBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Accident investigation and Firearms and Explosives
reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Athlete drug testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Acid-base indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry . . . 88
Actuarial risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . 8 Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity
Adipocere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 disorder medications . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Air and water purity . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Autoerotic and erotic asphyxiation. . . . . 93
Airport security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Automated fingerprint identification
Alcohol-related offenses. . . . . . . . . . . 19 systems.SeeIntegrated Automated
Algor mortis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Fingerprint Identification System
ALI standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Autopsies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
American Academy of Forensic
Sciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
American Law Institute standard. Bacterial biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
SeeALI standard Bacterial resistance and response to
American Society of Crime Laboratory antibacterial agents. . . . . . . . . . . 106
Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Ballistic fingerprints. . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Amphetamines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Ballistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004. . . . 29 Barbiturates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Analytical instrumentation. . . . . . . . . 30 BATFE.SeeBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Anastasia remains identification. . . . . . 33 Firearms and Explosives
Ancient criminal cases and mysteries . . . 35 Beethoven’s death . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Ancient science and forensics. . . . . . . . 40 Benzidine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Animal evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Beslan hostage crisis victim
identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Antemortem injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Biodetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Anthrax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Biohazard bags. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Anthrax letter attacks. . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Biological terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Anthropometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Biological warfare diagnosis. . . . . . . . 129
Antianxiety agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Biological weapon identification. . . . . . 131
Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Biological Weapons Convention
Antidotes.SeePoisons and antidotes
of 1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Antipsychotics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Biometric eye scanners . . . . . . . . . . 137
Argentine disappeared children . . . . . . 63
Biometric identification systems . . . . . 138
Army Medical Research Institute of
Biosensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Infectious Diseases.SeeU.S. Army
Medical Research Institute of Bioterrorism.SeeBiological terrorism
Infectious Diseases Biotoxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Arsenic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Bite-mark analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
v
Forensic Science
Blast seat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Child abuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Blood agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Choking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Blood residue and bloodstains. . . . . . . 152 Chromatography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Blood spatter analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Class versus individual evidence . . . . . 245
Blood volume testing. . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Closed-circuit television
Bloody Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Blunt force trauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Club drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Body farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 CODIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Bomb damage assessment. . . . . . . . . 166 Coffin birth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Bombings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Cognitive interview techniques . . . . . . 255
Borderline personality disorder . . . . . . 173 Cold Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Bosnian war victim identification. Columbus remains identification . . . . . 260
SeeCroatian and Bosnian war Column chromatography . . . . . . . . . 261
victim identification Combined DNAIndex System.
Botulinum toxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 SeeCODIS
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Competency.SeeLegal competency
SeeMad cow disease investigation Competency evaluation and
Brain-wave scanners. . . . . . . . . . . . 177 assessment instruments . . . . . . . . 263
Breathalyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Composite drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Brockovich-PG&E case . . . . . . . . . . 179 Computer crimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Bubonic plague. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Computer forensics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Bugs.SeeElectronic bugs Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Bullet-lead analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 of 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms Computer hacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
and Explosives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Computer viruses and worms . . . . . . . 282
Buried body locating. . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Confocal microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Burn pattern analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Control samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Controlled Substances Act of 1970 . . . . 286
Cadaver dogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Copier analysis.SeeFax machine,
Canine substance detection . . . . . . . . 195 copier, and printer analysis
Carbon monoxide poisoning . . . . . . . . 198 Coroners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Counterfeit-detection pens. . . . . . . . . 289
Celebrity cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Counterfeiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Centers for Disease Control and Courts and forensic evidence . . . . . . . 296
Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Crack cocaine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Chain of custody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Crime laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
ChallengerandColumbiaaccident Crime scene cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . 304
investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Crime scene documentation . . . . . . . . 306
Check alteration and washing. . . . . . . 219 Crime scene investigation . . . . . . . . . 308
Chemical agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Crime scene measurement. . . . . . . . . 312
Chemical Biological Incident Crime scene protective gear . . . . . . . . 313
Response Force, U.S. . . . . . . . . . . 222 Crime scene reconstruction and
Chemical microscopy.SeePolarized staging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
light microscopy Crime scene screening tests . . . . . . . . 319
Chemical terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Crime scene search patterns . . . . . . . 321
Chemical warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Crime scene sketching and
Chemical Weapons Convention diagramming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
of 1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Criminal personality profiling. . . . . . . 324
Chicago nightclub stampede. . . . . . . . 232 Criminalistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Child abduction and kidnapping . . . . . 234 Criminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
vi
Contents
Croatian and Bosnian war victim Defensive wounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Deoxyribonucleic acid.SeeDNA
Cross-contamination of evidence . . . . . 335 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Cryptology and number theory . . . . . . 336 of Mental Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 356
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation . . . . . . 338 Dial tone decoder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Cyanoacrylate fuming.SeeSuperglue Direct versus circumstantial
fuming evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Cybercrime.SeeComputer crimes Disturbed evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Cyberstalking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 DNAanalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
DNAbanks for endangered
Daubert v. Merrell Dow animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Pharmaceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 DNAdatabase controversies. . . . . . . . 366
Decomposition of bodies . . . . . . . . . . 347
Decontamination methods. . . . . . . . . 352 Category Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
vii
Publisher’s Note
This entirely new and comprehensive refer- disasters. All these subjects are covered in de-
encework,ForensicScience,addressestherap- tail within these volumes.
idlygrowingacademicandpublicinterestinthe
applicationofthesciencestocriminalinvestiga- Scope of This Set
tions. The extent of this interest can be mea- Forensic Science contains 460 articles ar-
suredbytheexpansionofacademiccourseson ranged in alphabetical order that range in
forensicsandcriminaljusticeinschoolsandcol- length from 500 to 3,000 words. The set ap-
legesandbytheproliferationofpopulartelevi- proachestheforensicsciencesfromseveraldif-
sion programs, both dramatic and documen- ferentperspectives.Theprimaryperspectiveis
tary, on crime scene investigations. Articles in that of investigators in the diverse subspecial-
Forensic Science’s three volumes cover many tiesthatmakeuptheforensicsciences.Theim-
topics that figure prominently in the media; pressivevarietyofthesefieldscanbeseenata
however,theset’sbasicapproachtoforensicsci- glance in the titles of articles such as Forensic
enceisfactual,anditlaysgreatstressonoffer- accounting,Forensicanthropology,Forensicar-
ing up-to-date material on hard topics in this chaeology, Forensic botany, Forensic entomol-
rapidly advancing field. ogy, Forensic geoscience, Forensic nursing,
Oftencalledsimply“forensics”withinthele- Forensic odontology, Forensic palynology, Fo-
gal world, forensic science is essentially the rensicpathology,Forensicphotography,Foren-
application of the natural sciences to the ana- sic psychiatry, Forensic psychology, Forensic
lyzingandinterpretingoflegalevidence,partic- sculpture,andForensictoxicology.Thosetopics
ularlyincriminalcases.Sincethebeginningof are joined by Ballistics, Computer forensics,
the twenty-first century—and especially since Cryptology and number theory, Living foren-
the terrorist attacks on the United States of sics, Parasitology, Physiology, Serology, Struc-
September 11, 2001—there has been an explo- turalanalysis,Taphonomy,Thanatology,Viral
sionofbothpublicandacademicinterestinthe biology, and Wildlife forensics.
use of forensic techniques to investigate crimi- Attention is also given to the many profes-
nal acts. American television audiences have sional organizations in forensic science fields,
developed a seemingly insatiable appetite for suchastheAmericanAcademyofForensicSci-
shows such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation ences, the American Society of Crime Labora-
andBonesthatgointotheminutiaeofforensic tory Directors, and the International Associa-
techniques.Duringthespringof2008,asmany tionofForensicToxicologists.Inadditiontothe
as five such shows ranked among the fifteen corearticlesonsubspecialtiesandalliedfields,
top-ratedtelevisionprogramsduringanygiven thesethasarticleson30specifictypesofinves-
week.However,whiletheseshowstendtoem- tigations, ranging from Alcohol-related of-
phasizecrimesofviolence,particularlymurder, fenses,Arson,andArtforgerytoRitualkilling,
the real-world applications of forensic science Sports memorabilia fraud, and Suicide.
are far broader. More than 100 articles focus on investiga-
It is clear that the forensic sciences play a tive techniques and procedures. These include
majorroleininvestigationsofmurderandother overviews of general subjects such as accident
violentcrimes.However,theyalsoplayequally investigation and reconstruction, crime scene
important roles in investigations into many investigation,andquantitativeandqualitative
othertypesofcriminalandcivilcases,ranging analysisofchemicals,alongwithmorespecial-
from arson fires and contract disputes to forg- izedtechniquesandprocedures,suchasautop-
ery, paternity suits, and war crimes. Forensic sies,chromatography,crimescenephotography,
techniques are also often central to efforts to fingerprint analysis, and polygraph analysis.
identifyvictimsofmajoraccidentsandnatural More than 35 articles examine specialized
ix
Forensic Science
equipment,suchasbiodetectorsandotherdetec- the French emperor Napoleon I and composer
tion devices, protective gear, and chemical re- Ludwig van Beethoven. These historical topics
agents. serveasfascinatingcasestudiesinthepractical
AsecondbroadperspectiveinForensicScience application of forensic science.
might be called the scene of the crime. Particu- Finally, Forensic Science makes a special ef-
larlyimportantwithinthiscategoryarearticles forttoaddressdepictionsofforensicsintheme-
on types of evidence, such as fire debris, fibers dia. Long overview articles examine misconcep-
andfilaments,glass,soil,andbloodstains.Other tionsfosteredbythemediaandthetreatmentof
articlescoverbothgeneralandspecificaspectsof forensic science in television, literature, and
chemicalandbiologicalagents,suchasbiotoxins, journalism.Brieferarticlescoversuchiconicin-
carbon monoxide, illicit drugs, and a variety of dividual television programs as CSI, Cold Case,
poisons.Atthecenterofcrimescenesarethepar- andForensicFiles.Aspecialappendixoffersbrief
ticipants—theoffenders,victims,andwitnesses. descriptions of many other television programs.
More than 40 articles cover diverse diseases,
medical conditions, and injuries, including vari- Organization and Format
ous kinds of wounds. The set’s alphabetical arrangement—which
Athird broad perspective in Forensic Science includesheadnotecross-referencesofalternative
istheroleoftheforensicsciencesintheAmerican terms (such as “Lie detectors. See Polygraph
legal system. The set includes brief articles on analysis”)—makes topics easy to find. As in Sa-
someofthemostimportantfederallawsapplying lem’sotherencyclopedicreferenceworks,articles
to controlled substances, such as the Harrison in Forensic Science contain helpful top matter
Narcotic Drug Act of 1914, the Controlled Sub- that defines the topics and offers compact sum-
stances Act of 1970, and the Anabolic Steroid maries of their relevance to forensic science.
ControlActof2004,aswellassuchinternational Every article also contains a “Further Read-
agreements as the Chemical Weapons Conven- ing”section,followedbyagenerouslistofcross-
tion of 1993. Articles on selected U.S. Supreme references to related topics within the set. The
Court decisions, including Miranda v. Arizona, textofthearticlesissupplementedbymorethan
andavarietyofimportantlegalprinciples,such 250 photographs and more than 180 maps,
ashabeascorpusandmensrea,alsohelptoillu- charts, graphs, and illustrative sidebars.
minate the legal dimensions of the forensic sci- Theappendixesinvolume3includeaguideto
ences.Law-enforcementbodiesandgovernment Internet resources, a directory of television
investigativeunitscoveredinthesetincludethe shows in which forensic science figures promi-
U.S.DrugEnforcementAdministration,theFed- nently,abiographicaldirectoryofkeyfiguresin
eralBureauofInvestigation,andtheU.S.Secret the history of the field, a time line of major
Service as well as the Environmental Measure- events, an annotated bibliography of general
mentsLaboratoryandtheNationalTransporta- works,andaglossary.Additionalfindingaidsin-
tion Safety Board. cludeageneralsubjectindexattheendofvolume
AfourthperspectiveofForensicScience—and 3,thecompletelistoftheset’scontentsatthebe-
onethatshouldhavewideappealtomanyread- ginning of each volume, and a list of topics by
ers—is its extensive coverage of specific histori- category at the end of each volume.
cal subjects. These range from overviews of an-
cient criminal cases and crime mysteries and Acknowledgments
ancient science to examinations of such high- SalemPresswouldliketothankthe172schol-
profilemoderncriminalcasesastheO.J.Simpson arswhocontributedoriginalarticlestoForensic
murdertrial,theUnabombercase,andcriminal Science.Theirnamesandaffiliationsarelistedin
casesinvolvingcelebrities.Thesetalsoincludes thepagesthatfollowhere.Thispublicationises-
articles on such subjects as the Lindbergh baby pecially indebted to its editors, Dr. Ayn Embar-
kidnappingcase,theexhumationsoftheremains Seddon of Capella University and Dr. Allan D.
ofU.S.presidentsZacharyTaylorandAbraham Pass of National Behavioral Science Consul-
Lincoln,andmysteriessurroundingthedeathsof tants.
x
Contributors
Richard Adler Cliff Boyd Sally A. Coulson
University of Michigan, Radford University Institute of Environmental
Dearborn Science and Research
Donna C. Boyd
Catherine G. Bailey Radford University Anne Coxon
Stetson University College Institute of Environmental
of Law Jocelyn M. Brineman Science and Research
University of North Carolina
Thomas E. Baker at Charlotte Helen Davidson
University of Scranton Portland, Oregon
Michael P. Brown
Carl L. Bankston III Ball State University Martiscia Davidson
Tulane University Fremont, California
Kevin G. Buckler
Amy L. Barber University of Texas at Jennifer Davis
Michigan State University Brownsville and Texas University of Dayton
Southmost College
Charlene F. Barroga Seth G. Dewey
University of California, Amy Webb Bull Canisius College
San Diego Tennessee State University
Thomas E. DeWolfe
Eric J. Bartelink Michael A. Buratovich Hampden-Sydney College
California State University, Spring Arbor University
Chico Shawkat Dhanani
Mary Car-Blanchard Veterans Administration
Kevin M. Beaver iHealthSpot.com Greater Los Angeles
Florida State University Healthcare System
Russell N. Carney
Raymond D. Benge, Jr. Missouri State University Jackie Dial
Tarrant County College American Medical Writers
Dennis W. Cheek Association
Alvin K. Benson Ewing Marion Kauffman
Utah Valley State University Foundation Joseph Di Rienzi
College of Notre Dame of
R. L. Bernstein Michael W. Cheek Maryland
New Mexico State University American University
Kimberly D. Dodson
Robert Bockstiegel Jennifer L. Christian Lincoln Memorial University
Portland, Oregon Indiana University
Douglas Elliot
Vivian Bodey Douglas Clouatre Institute of Environmental
Southwestern Law School Mid-Plains Community Science and Research
College
Megan N. Bottegal Stephanie K. Ellis
Florida International Susan Coleman Marymount University
University West Texas A&M University
Ayn Embar-Seddon
Capella University
xi