Forensic Laboratory Management: Applying Business Principles PDF
Preview Forensic Laboratory Management: Applying Business Principles
Forensic Laboratory Management Applying Business Principles Forensic Laboratory Management Applying Business Principles W. Mark Dale, MBA, ASQ-CQA Director, New York State Police Forensic Investigation Center - Retired Wendy S. Becker, PhD Shippensburg University Pennsylvania, USA Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140806 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-5672-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface xi Authors xiii List of Figures xv List of Tables xvii 1 Leadership in Forensic Science Laboratories 1 Origins and Rationale 1 Description: National Leadership Challenges 1 Risks, Problems, Barriers: Leadership Challenges in the Lab 2 Identifying Leadership Challenges: Insight from Forensic Leaders 2 Behavioral Costing of Human Resources 4 Lessons Learned and Recommendations: Measures of Efficiency and Effectiveness 4 References 9 2 Forensic Laboratory Key Business Metrics and Cost–Benefit Analyses 11 Introduction 11 Laboratory Management Performance Model 13 Law Enforcement Requirements 15 Costs 25 Costs of Quality (CQ) 28 Human Resource Turnover (C ) 31 HRTO Capability 32 Productivity 32 Cycle Time 34 Quality 34 Cost: Efficiency and Effectiveness 41 Cost Efficiency Metrics 43 Cost Effectiveness (So What) 45 Recommendations for Management: Cost–Benefit Efficiency and Effectiveness 54 Performance 54 v vi Contents Benchmarks for Best Practices 57 Basics of Cost–Benefit Analyses 61 References 80 3 Laboratory Excellence and Ethics: An Essential Association 83 DOUGLAS LUCAS Introduction 84 Why Is Ethical Conduct Important to Forensic Laboratory Management and Staff? 84 Professional Association Mandates 84 Public Interest 85 Academic Studies 86 Other Reasons 88 Ethics: What Are They? 89 Morals versus Ethics 89 Ethics versus Duties 90 Some Examples 90 Codes of Ethics: What Are They? Who Needs Them? 92 Codes of Ethics Formats 93 Typical Code of Ethics Provisions 95 Examples of Some Ethical Problems 96 Why Do People Do Such Things? 97 Some Ethical Challenges and Dilemmas 100 Pressures from Law Enforcement 100 Pressures from the Adversary System 102 Pressures from Science 105 Pressure from Within 106 Conclusion 107 References 108 4 Forensic Training, Education, and Institutes 119 Forensic Science Manager Job Requirements 125 Identifying the Need for Education, Training, and Professional Development 126 National Academy of Sciences 126 National Institute of Justice 128 Approaches 129 Administration 130 American Academy of Forensic Science 130 ISO/IEC 17025: 2005 International Standard 130 Contents vii Codes of Federal Regulation 131 American Society for Training and Development 132 Laboratory Management Performance Model Professional Development Costs 133 Solution: Academic Institutes for Forensic Science 134 Essential Components of a Successful Institute 134 Forensic Institute Essential Components 135 Customers and Requirements 136 Financial Plan 140 Institute Core Team 142 Institute Core Competency: Forensic Curricula 144 Advice for Students Considering a Forensic Career 144 Curricula 152 Example: 16-Week DNA Academy 152 Module 1: Molecular Biology and Forensic DNA Typing 152 Notes 153 Module 3 (Weeks 2, 3, 4, and 6–14): Forensic DNA Analysis Laboratory 154 DNA Academy Student Metrics 162 Dedicated Facilities 166 Two Student Cameos 166 Ashley Hart, Law 166 Jamie Belrose, Ph.D. Biology Student 168 The Capstone: Testimony 169 Legal Issues in the Gathering of Forensic Evidence 170 Courtroom Presentation 171 Major Academic and Institute Outcomes 175 Testimony 175 Mock Trial #1 176 Cross-Examination 186 Critique of Student’s Performance on the Stand 195 Mock Trial #2 196 References 220 Appendix 4A: George Carmody, Ph.D., Population Statistics and Forensic DNA Analyses Course 221 5 ISO Accreditation Implementation : A Framework to Implement a Quality Service 281 HAROLD PEEL AND MURRAY MALCOLM Background: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Accrediting Bodies 281 Accrediting Bodies 282 viii Contents Why Consider Accreditation? Advantages and Some Considerations 283 Advantages 283 But Consider 284 Terminology 285 ISO/IEC 17025 (2005): Outline and Comment 289 Section 4 289 Organization (4.1) 289 Management System (4.2) 290 Document Control (4.3) 291 Contract Review (4.4) 293 Subcontracting (4.5) 293 Purchasing (4.6) 294 Customer Service (4.7) 294 Complaints (4.8) 294 Control of Non-Conforming Work (4.9) 295 Continuous Improvement (4.10) 295 Corrective Action (4.11) 296 Preventive Action (4.12) 298 Records (4.13) 298 Internal Audits (4.14) 300 Management Review (4.15) 301 Section 5 301 General (5.1) 302 Personnel (5.2) 302 Accommodations and Environmental Conditions (5.3) 302 Test Methods and Validation (5.4) 303 Equipment (5.5) 305 Measurement Traceability (5.6) 306 Sampling (5.7) 307 Handling of Test Items (5.8) 308 Assuring the Quality of Test Results (5.9) 308 Reporting Results (5.10) 309 Preparation and Implementation 310 Getting Started 310 The Documentation System 311 Relationship of Non-Conformances (NCs) and Corrective Actions (CAs) 311 Validation 313 References 316 Contents ix 6 Writing Policies and Procedures 317 Lexicon 318 Scientific Procedure versus Administrative Procedure 320 Instructions on How to Develop Procedures 324 Desk Audit 324 Observe Procedures Being Used 325 Interview Staff Using Procedure 325 Develop Process Flow Chart 325 Verbally Articulate Process Flow Chart 326 Transcribe Verbal Articulation to Text 326 Add Laboratory Management Performance Model (LMPM) Metrics 328 Training Program If Competency Affects Reported Results or Opinions 330 References 334 Index 335
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