Forensic Biomechanics

162 Pages·2012·1.833 MB·English

by  Jules Kieser, Michael Taylor, Debra Carr(auth.)

Forensic Biomechanics
Forensic Biomechanics
Jules Kieser
Director,SirJohnWalshResearchInstitute,FacultyofDentistry,University
of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Michael Taylor
Science Leader, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR),
Christchurch Science Centre, New Zealand
Debra Carr
ImpactandArmourGroup,DepartmentofEngineeringandAppliedScience,
Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of
the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
Thiseditionfirstpublished2013
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Kieser,Jules.
Forensicbiomechanics/JulesKieser,MichaelTaylor,DebraD.Carr.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-119-99011-6(hardback)
I. Taylor,Michael,1953Sept.18- II. Carr,DebraD. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Biomechanics. 2. ForensicSciences–methods. 3. WoundsandInjuries–pathology. W750]
617.1–dc23
2012027882
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyof
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Setin10.5/13ptTimes-RomanbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
FirstImpression2013
ThisbookisdedicatedtoGlynnyKieser,whofirstsuggestedit,oversawevery
stageofitsproductionandkeptourteamtogether.
Contents
SeriesForeword ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 Introduction 1
JulesKieser
2 Basicprinciplesofbiomechanics 7
JulesKieser
2.1 Forcesandmotion 9
2.2 Stressandstrain 12
2.3 Basicsofbiomechanicalbehaviour 17
2.4 Biomaterialsandviscoelasticity 21
2.5 Accelerationandimpact 25
2.6 Fracturebehaviour 26
2.7 Ballisticbiomechanics 29
3 Biomechanicsofboneandbonytrauma 35
JulesKieser
3.1 Compositionofbone 37
3.2 Typesofbone 38
3.3 Biomechanicalpropertiesofbone 39
3.4 Compressiveandtensilefracturepatterns 45
3.5 Bluntandsharpforcetrauma 50
3.6 Ballistictrauma 54
3.7 Livingversuspostmortemfracture 62
3.8 Bonefractureininfants 64
4 Biomechanicsofskinandsofttissuetrauma 71
JulesKieser
4.1 Structureofskin 73
4.2 Mechanicalpropertiesofskin 75
4.3 Effectofage 78
4.4 Wounding 80
viii CONTENTS
4.5 Sharpforcetrauma 81
4.6 Bluntforcetrauma 85
4.7 Ballistictrauma 88
4.8 Bitemarks 92
5 Themechanicsofbloodstainpatternformation 99
MarkJermyandMichaelTaylor
5.1 Introductiontobloodstainpatternanalysis 101
5.2 Forcesactingonfluids 104
5.3 Dimensionlessnumbers 114
5.4 Fluidpropertiesofblood 116
5.5 Thecreationofdroplets 118
5.6 Dropletflight 126
5.7 Dropletimpact:bloodstainformation 128
6 Fibresandtextiles 137
DebraCarr
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 Fabriclayers 143
6.3 Fabricdegradation 144
6.4 Ballisticimpacts 144
6.5 Sharpimpacts 146
6.6 Bluntimpacts 149
6.7 Tearing 151
Acknowledgements 153
Index 159
Series Foreword
The world of forensic science is changing at a very fast pace in terms of the
provision of forensic science services, the development of technologies and
knowledgeandtheinterpretationofanalyticalandotherdataasitisappliedwithin
forensicpractice.Practicingforensicscientistsareconstantlystrivingtodeliverthe
verybestforthejudicialprocessandassuchneedareliableandrobustknowledge
basewithintheirdiversedisciplines.Itishopedthatthisbookserieswillprovidea
resource by which such knowledge can be underpinned for both students and
practitioners of forensic science alike.
Itis theobjective ofthisbook seriesto provide avaluable resourceforforensic
sciencepractitioners,educatorsandothersinthatregard.Thebooksdevelopedand
published within this series come from some of the leading researchers and
practitioners in their fields and will provide essential and relevant information to
the reader.
Professor Niamh Nic Da(cid:1)eid
Series editor
Acknowledgements
Oneofthemostrewardingthingsaboutwritingthisbookhasbeentheprivilegeof
readingthewritingsofsomanyofourcolleagues,pastandpresent.Thisbookrests
heavily on the shoulders of other books and hundreds upon hundreds of scientific
articlesthathavebeenpennedonthesubject;manyofwhicharereferencedinthe
text.Italsorestsuponthehardworkofourunder-andpost-graduatestudentsover
the years. This book would have been impossible without the inspiration of these
young people, who continued to challenge and teach us as wewrote. We stand in
their debt.
This book is also heavily indebted to forensic scientists of all persuasions. We
know a few of them professionally and we hope that their views have not been
misrepresented. We owe much to Michael Swain for his painstaking editing of
aspects of this book, and to his collaboration and advice to us over many years.
Specialthanksarealsoduetothosewhohadthestaminaandgoodhumourtoread
through and comment on parts of the manuscript: Darryl Tong and Neil Waddell.
There are many forensic pathologists, forensic scientists, odontologists and
members of diverse law enforcement agencies who independently worked with
usortalkedtousconfidentially;includingsomewhogavemostgenerouslyoftheir
time and hospitality. These include Michael Tsokos, Jane Taylor, Antony Hill,
Stephen Knott, Richard Bassed, Hugh Trengrove, Ross Meldrum, Norman Firth,
WarwickDuncan,MarynaSteyn,DavidKieser,RajDasandGemmaDickson.We
thankthemall.ForimagesandillustrationswethankLizGirvan(scanningelectron
micrographs),AndrewMcNaughton(micro-computedtomography)andMattBlair
(drawings).
Allerrorsandwronginterpretationsare,ofcourse,ourresponsibilityalone.Ithas
been our decision not to write in legalese or scientific jargon. May the pedantic
academics forgive us.
Howdoesonethankthemostimportantpeopleofall?FionaSeymour,Rachael
BallardandIzzyCanning,allatJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.Aspecialwordofthanksto
Clare Lendrem, our copy-editor extraordinaire, whose professionalism goes
unmatched. Glynny Kieser collated, edited and prepared the manuscript.
1
Introduction
JulesKieser
1 INTRODUCTION 3
In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason
backward. That is a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy one, but
peopledonotpractiseitmuch.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: A Study in Scarlet (2010, p. 83)
Biomechanicshasitsownterminologythatisbaseduponthatofmechanical
engineering. The translators of the code of biomechanics are the engineers
who have developed their own jargon. It is our intent to reveal some of the
fundamentalsofbiomechanicaltestingandmanyspecifictestingtechniques.
Insodoing,wehopetodispersethemystiqueshroudingbiomechanics.
Turner and Burr (1993, p. 595)
Biomechanics is a new, exciting and powerful discipline that is shaping a broad
range of subjects such as medicine, sports science, botany, zoology, ergonomics,
accident reconstruction, occupational health, palaeobiology, dentistry and, most
recently, forensics. Many of these areas have developed sophisticated bio-
mechanical techniques with their own algorithms, notation and specialised meth-
ods. This combination of breadth and depth makes it impossible for any one
individualtomasterallofthebiomechanicalapproachesthathavebeendeveloped.
Theaimofthisbookisthustwofold;itintroducesgeneralconceptsthatapplytothe
field as a whole, and it applies these to the broad discipline of forensic biology.
Whereasitisdifficulttoidentifyafatherofbiomechanics,onecouldarguethat
biomechanics is as old as mechanics itself. The Italian renaissance scientist,
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) studied the biomechanics of the flight of birds
and,byextension,hypothesisedhowhumanscouldfly.GalileoGalilei(1564–1642)
investigatedthestrengthofbonesandsuggestedthattheywerehollow,becausethis
gavethemamaximumstrengthforminimumweight.ReneDescartes(1596–1650)
proposeda philosophical view that sawall material systems, includingthe human
body, as machines ruled by simple mechanical laws; an idea that did much to
promoteandsustainthebiomechanicalstudiesofGiovaniBorelli(1608–1679)and
others (for review, see Humphrey, 2003).
ThetermBiomechanicsitselfhasonlyrecentlybeendefinedbytheSouthAfrican
scientist Herbert Hatze (1937–2002) as ‘the study of the structure and function of
biologicalsystemsbymeansofthemethodsofmechanics’(Hatze,1974,p.189).He
ForensicBiomechanics,FirstEdition.JulesKieser,MichaelTaylorandDebraCarr.
(cid:1)2013JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.Published2013byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.