Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume II, Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs PDF
Preview Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume II, Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs
FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 1977–1980 VOLUME II HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT OF STATE Washington Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980 Volume II Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs Editor Kristin L. Ahlberg General Editor Adam M. Howard UnitedStatesGovernment Printing Office Washington 2013 DEPARTMENTOFSTATE OfficeoftheHistorian BureauofPublicAffairs ForsalebytheSuperintendentofDocuments,U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice Internet:bookstore.gpo.gov Phone:tollfree(866)512-1800; DCarea(202)512-1800 Fax:(202)512-2250Mail:StopIDCC,Washington,DC20402-0001 339-370/428-S/80015 About the Series TheForeignRelationsoftheUnitedStatesseriespresentstheofficial documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activity of the United States Government. The HistorianoftheDepartmentofStateischargedwiththeresponsibility forthepreparationoftheForeignRelationsseries.ThestaffoftheOffice of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, under the direction of the General Editor of the Foreign Relations series, plans, researches, com- piles, and edits the volumes in the series. Secretary of State Frank B. Kelloggfirstpromulgatedofficialregulationscodifyingspecificstand- ardsfortheselectionandeditingofdocumentsfortheseriesonMarch 26,1925.Theseregulations,withminormodifications,guidedtheseries through1991. Public Law 102–138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, es- tablished a new statutory charter for the preparation of the series, whichwassignedbyPresidentGeorgeH.W.BushonOctober28,1991. Section198ofP.L.102–138addedanewTitleIVtotheDepartmentof State’sBasicAuthoritiesAct of 1956(22U.S.C. 4351,etseq.). ThestatuterequiresthattheForeignRelationsseriesbeathorough, accurate,andreliablerecordofmajorUnitedStatesforeignpolicydeci- sionsandsignificantUnitedStatesdiplomaticactivity.Thevolumesof theseriesshouldincludeallrecordsneededtoprovidecomprehensive documentation of major foreign policy decisions and actions of the UnitedStatesGovernment.Thestatutealsoconfirms the editingprin- ciples established by Secretary Kellogg: the Foreign Relations series is guidedbytheprinciplesofhistoricalobjectivityandaccuracy;records shouldnotbealteredordeletionsmadewithoutindicatinginthepub- lishedtextthatadeletionhasbeenmade;thepublishedrecordshould omitnofactsthatwereofmajorimportanceinreachingadecision;and nothing should be omitted for the purposes of concealing a defect in policy.ThestatutealsorequiresthattheForeignRelationsseriesbepub- lishednotmorethan30yearsaftertheeventsrecorded.Theeditorsare convinced that this volume meets all regulatory, statutory, and schol- arlystandardsof selectionandediting. Sources fortheForeignRelations Series TheForeignRelations statuterequires thatthe published record in theForeignRelationsseriesincludeallrecordsneededtoprovide com- prehensive documentation of major U.S. foreign policy decisions and significantU.S.diplomaticactivity.Itfurtherrequiresthatgovernment III 339-370/428-S/80015 IV AbouttheSeries agencies, departments, and other entities of the U.S. Government en- gaged in foreign policy formulation, execution, or support cooperate withtheDepartmentofStatehistoriansbyprovidingfullandcomplete accesstorecordspertinenttoforeignpolicydecisionsandactionsand byprovidingcopiesofselectedrecords.Mostofthesourcesconsulted inthepreparationofthisvolumehavebeendeclassifiedandareavail- able for review at the National Archives and Record Administration (ArchivesII),in CollegePark,Maryland. Theeditorsof the ForeignRelations series have complete access to alltheretiredrecordsandpapersoftheDepartmentofState:thecentral filesoftheDepartment;thespecialdecentralizedfiles(‘‘lotfiles’’)ofthe Departmentatthebureau,office,anddivisionlevels;thefilesoftheDe- partment’sExecutiveSecretariat,whichcontaintherecordsofinterna- tional conferences and high-level official visits, correspondence with foreignleadersbythePresidentandSecretaryofState,andthememo- randaofconversationsbetweenthePresidentandtheSecretaryofState and foreign officials; and the files of overseas diplomatic posts. All of theDepartment’scentralfilesfor 1977–1981 areavailable in electronic or microfilm formats at Archives II, and may be accessed using the Access to Archival Databases (AAD) tool. Almost all of the Depart- ment’s decentralized office files covering this period, which the Na- tionalArchivesdeemsworthyofpermanentretention,havebeentrans- ferred to or are in the process of being transferred from the Department’scustodytoArchives II. ResearchforForeignRelationsvolumesisundertakenthroughspe- cialaccesstorestricteddocumentsattheJimmyCarterPresidentialLi- braryandotheragencies.Whileallthematerialprintedinthisvolume hasbeendeclassified,someofitisextractedfromstill-classifieddocu- ments. The staff of the Carter Library is processing and declassifying manyofthedocumentsusedinthisvolume,buttheymaynotbeavail- able in their entirety at the time of publication. Presidential papers maintained and preserved at the Carter Library include some of the most significant foreign-affairs related documentation from White House offices, the Department of State, and other federal agencies in- cludingtheNationalSecurityCouncil,theCentralIntelligenceAgency, theDepartment of Defense, andthe JointChiefs of Staff. EditorialMethodology This volume is divided into three compilations: one compilation on human rights policy, one compilation on world hunger and food policy,andonecompilationonpopulationgrowth,waterpolicy,inter- nationalhealth,andinternationalwomen’sissues.Withineachcompi- lation, documents are presented chronologically according to Wash- ington time. Memoranda of conversation are placed according to the 339-370/428-S/80015 AbouttheSeries V time and date of the conversation, rather than the date the memoran- dumwas drafted. EditorialtreatmentofthedocumentspublishedintheForeignRela- tionsseriesfollowsOfficestyleguidelines,supplementedbyguidance fromtheGeneralEditorandtheChiefoftheEditingandPublishingDi- vision.Thedocumentsarereproducedasexactlyaspossible,including marginalia or other notations, which are described in the footnotes. Texts are transcribed and printed according to accepted conventions for the publication of historical documents within the limitations of modern typography. A heading has been supplied by the editors for each document included in this volume. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation are retained as found in the original text, except that ob- vious typographical errors are silently corrected. Other mistakes and omissionsindocumentsarecorrectedbybracketedinsertions:acorrec- tionissetinitalictype;anadditioninromantype.Wordsrepeatedin telegramstoavoidgarblingorprovideemphasisaresilentlycorrected. Wordsandphrasesunderlinedinthesourcetextareprintedinitalics. Abbreviationsandcontractions arepreserved asfound inthe original text, and a list of abbreviations is included in the front matter of each volume. Bracketed insertions are also used to indicate omitted text that dealswithanunrelatedsubject(inromantype)orthatremainsclassi- fied after declassification review (in italic type). The amount and, where possible, the nature of the material not declassified has been notedbyindicatingthenumberoflinesorpagesoftextthatwereomit- ted.Entiredocumentswithheldfordeclassificationpurposeshavebeen accountedforandarelistedwithheadings,sourcenotes,andnumber ofpagesnotdeclassifiedintheirchronologicalplace.Allbracketsthat appearintheoriginaltextaresoidentifiedinfootnotes.Allellipsesare inthe originaldocuments. Thefirstfootnotetoeachdocumentindicatesthesourceofthedoc- ument, original classification, distribution, and drafting information. This note also provides the background of important documents and policies and indicates whether the President or his major policy ad- visersread the document. Editorial notes and additional annotation summarize pertinent materialnotprinted inthe volume, indicate the location of additional documentary sources, provide references to important related docu- mentsprintedinothervolumes,describekeyevents,andprovidesum- mariesofandcitationstopublicstatementsthatsupplementandeluci- date the printed documents. Information derived from memoirs and other first-hand accounts has been used when appropriate to supple- mentorexplicatethe official record. 339-370/428-S/80015 VI AbouttheSeries Thenumbersintheindexrefertodocumentnumbersrather than topagenumbers. AdvisoryCommittee onHistoricalDiplomatic Documentation The Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documenta- tion,established under the ForeignRelations statute, reviews records, advises,andmakesrecommendationsconcerningtheForeignRelations series.TheAdvisoryCommitteemonitorstheoverallcompilationand editorialprocessoftheseriesandadvisesonallaspectsoftheprepara- tion and declassification of the series. The Advisory Committee does notnecessarilyreviewthecontentsofindividualvolumesintheseries, butitmakesrecommendationsonissuesthatcometoitsattentionand reviewsvolumesasitdeemsnecessarytofulfillitsadvisoryandstatu- toryobligations. Declassification Review The Office of Information Programs and Services, Bureau of Ad- ministration,conductedthedeclassificationreviewfortheDepartment of State of the documents published in this volume. The review was conducted in accordance with the standards set forth in Executive Order 13526 on Classified National Security Information and appli- cablelaws. Theprincipleguidingdeclassificationreviewistoreleaseallinfor- mation,subjectonlytothecurrentrequirementsofnationalsecurityas embodied in law and regulation. Declassification decisions entailed concurrence of the appropriate geographic and functional bureaus in theDepartmentofState,otherconcernedagenciesoftheU.S.Govern- ment,andtheappropriateforeigngovernmentsregardingspecificdoc- uments of those governments. The declassification review of this vol- ume, which began in 2011 and was completed in 2012, resulted in minorexcisions of less than aparagraph in7documents. TheOfficeoftheHistorianisconfident,onthebasisoftheresearch conductedinpreparingthisvolumeandasaresultofthedeclassifica- tionreviewprocessdescribedabove,thatthedocumentationandedito- rialnotespresentedhereprovideathorough,accurate,andreliablerec- ord—given the limitations of space—of the Carter administration’s policytoward human rightsandhumanitarian affairs. AdamM.Howard, Ph.D. StephenP. Randolph,Ph.D. GeneralEditor TheHistorian Bureauof Public Affairs August, 2013 339-370/428-S/80015 Preface StructureandScope oftheForeign Relations Series This volume is part of a subseries of volumes of the Foreign Rela- tions series that documents the most important issues in the foreign policyoftheadministrationofJimmyCarter.Thisvolumedocuments humanrightspolicyandsignificanthumanitarianaffairsfrom1977to 1980,focusingontheinstitutionalizationofhumanrightspolicywithin theUnitedStatesGovernment;worldhungerandfoodpolicy;interna- tional health, water policy, population growth, and international women’sissues.Itdoesnotincludedocumentationonspecifichuman rightsproblems;forU.S.humanrightspolicywithaparticularcountry or region, readers should consult the relevant geographically-focused volumeoftheForeignRelationsseries.Readersinterestedintheintellec- tualfoundationsofU.S.humanrightspolicyshouldconsultForeignRe- lations, Volume I, Foundations of Foreign Policy. For information on North-South relations, economic summits, and overall U.S. trade policy, see Foreign Relations, Volume III, Foreign Economic Policy. ReadersshouldalsoconsultForeignRelations,VolumeE–7,Documents onUnitedNations;LawoftheSeafordocumentationonothertransna- tionalglobalissues,includingspaceandtelecommunications,trustter- ritories,narcotics,and theOlympics. FocusofResearchandPrinciples ofSelection forForeign Relations, 1977–1980, VolumeII Thisvolumedocuments the Carter administration’s efforts to de- fine and implement a broad-based human rights policy. It also illus- tratesvariousstepsundertakenbytheCarteradministrationtoamelio- rate hunger, launch a global health initiative, and advocate for women’srights.Thesectiononhumanrightsfocusesonoverallhuman rights policy, including the establishment of the Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs within the Department of State, the creationofhumanrightscoordinatingandreviewgroups,issuanceofa PresidentialDirectiveonhumanrights,institutionalizationandstand- ardization of human rights reporting, and pursuit of human rights within the United Nations and other multilateral venues. The section on world hunger and food policy documents efforts to revitalize the FoodforPeaceprogram(PublicLaw480)andconnectitmorefirmlyto humanrightsconcerns,theestablishmentofthePresidentialCommis- siononWorldHunger,theadministration’ssupportforbothdomestic and international grain reserves and a food corps, and the U.S. re- VII 339-370/428-S/80015 VIII Preface sponse to famine in Kampuchea and East Africa. The international health,populationgrowth,andinternationalwomen’sissuescompila- tion chronicles the administration’s efforts to initiate a global health program emphasizing food aid, nutrition, family planning, community- basedhealthcare,anddiseasepreventionandtreatment.Itdocuments theU.S.globalpopulationstrategy,astrategythatadvocatedwomen’s rights,improvedlivingconditions,andintegrationoffamilyplanning incommunitylife.Thecompilationalsoillustratestheadministration’s effortstoimplementtherecommendationsgeneratedasanoutgrowth ofthe1975InternationalWomen’sYearconferenceanddetailstheU.S. preparations for the 1980 United Nations World Conference for Women.OtherissuesdocumentedinthiscompilationincludeU.S.sup- portfortheUnitedNationsWaterDecadeandthepreparationandre- lease of the Global 2000 Report, which assessed current environmental andglobaltrendsandpositedprobableoutcomesbythecentury’send. Acknowledgments The editor wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Ceri McCarron, Albert Nason, Brittany Parris, and James Yancey of the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library; David Langbart, Don Mcllwain, and Herbert Rawlings-Milton of the National Archives and Records Administration; and Deborah Miller of the Minnesota Historical So- ciety.TheeditorwouldalsoliketothankformerVicePresidentWalter F.Mondaleforgrantingpermissiontousedocumentationfromhisfiles attheMinnesotaHistorical Society. The Historical Staffof the Central IntelligenceAgency helpedtoarrange accessto CIAfiles. The editor conducted the research for this volume and selected andannotatedthedocumentationunderthesupervisionofKathleenB. Rasmussen, Chief of the Global Issues and General Division, and the direction of Susan C. Weetman, the former General Editor of the For- eign Relations series. Dean G. Weatherhead coordinated the declassifi- cationreviewunderthesupervisionoftheChiefoftheDeclassification and Publishing Division Carl Ashley. Erin F. Cozens and Thomas I. Faithperformedthecopyandtechnicalediting.DoMiStauberInc.pre- paredthe index. KristinL.Ahlberg, Ph.D. Historian 339-370/428-S/80015 Contents Aboutthe Series ....................................................... III Preface ................................................................... VII Sources .................................................................. XI AbbreviationsandTerms ............................................ XIX Persons .................................................................. XXXIII HumanRights ......................................................... 1 WorldHunger andFood Policy .................................... 643 InternationalHealth,Population Growth, andWomen’s Issues .................................................................. 927 Index ..................................................................... 1169 IX
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