Foreign bodies : Oceania and the science of race 1750-1940

372 Pages·2010·7.1 MB·english

by  Bronwen Douglas

Foreign Bodies
Oceania and the Science
of Race 1750-1940

Foreign Bodies
Oceania and the Science
of Race 1750-1940
Edited by
Bronwen Douglas
and Chris Ballard
Published by ANU E Press
The Australian National University
Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
Email: [email protected]
This title is also available online at:
http://epress.anu.edu.au/foreign_bodies_citation.html
National Library of Australia
Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
Title: Foreign bodies : Oceania and the science of race 1750-1940 / editors:
Bronwen Douglas, Chris Ballard.
ISBN: 9781921313998 (pbk.)
9781921536007 (online)
Notes: Bibliography.
Subjects: Ethnic relations.
Race--Social aspects.
Oceania--Race relations.
Other Authors/Contributors:
Douglas, Bronwen.
Ballard, Chris, 1963-
Dewey Number: 305.800995
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Cover design by Noel Wendtman.
Printed by University Printing Services, ANU
This edition © 2008 ANU E Press
For Charles, Kirsty, Allie, and Andrew
and
For Mem, Tessa, and Sebastian

Table of Contents
Figures ix
Preface xi
Editors’ Biographies xv
Contributors xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction
Foreign Bodies in Oceania 3
Bronwen Douglas
Part One – Emergence: Thinking the Science of Race, 1750-1880
Chapter 1. Climate to Crania: science and the racialization of human 33
difference
Bronwen Douglas
Part Two – Experience: the Science of Race and Oceania, 1750-1869
Chapter 2. ‘Novus Orbis Australis’: Oceania in the science of race, 1750-1850 99
Bronwen Douglas
Chapter 3. ‘Oceanic Negroes’: British anthropology of Papuans, 1820-1869 157
Chris Ballard
Part Three – Consolidation: the Science of Race and Aboriginal
Australians, 1860-1885
Chapter 4. British Anthropological Thought in Colonial Practice: 205
the appropriation of Indigenous Australian bodies, 1860-1880
Paul Turnbull
Chapter 5. ‘Three Living Australians’ and the Société d’Anthropologie 229
de Paris, 1885
Stephanie Anderson
Part Four – Complicity and Challenge: the Science of Race and
Evangelical Humanism, 1800-1930
Chapter 6. The ‘Faculty of Faith’: Evangelical missionaries, social 259
anthropologists, and the claim for human unity in the 19th century
Helen Gardner
Chapter 7. ‘White Man’s Burden’, ‘White Man’s Privilege’: Christian 283
humanism and racial determinism in Oceania, 1890-1930
Christine Weir
vii
Foreign Bodies
Part Five – Zenith: Colonial Contradictions and the Chimera of
Racial Purity, 1920-1940
Chapter 8. The Half-Caste in Australia, New Zealand, and Western 307
Samoa between the Wars: different problem, different places?
Vicki Luker
Epilogue
The Cultivation of Difference in Oceania 339
Chris Ballard
Index 345
viii
Figures
Front cover
Adrien-Hubert Brué, 'Océanie ou cinquième partie du monde comprenant
l'Archipel d'Asie, l'Australasie, la Polynésie, &.a … 1814'. In Grand atlas universal
…, carte 36 (2nd edition, Paris: Desray 1816). Engraving.
Antoine Maurin after Louis-Auguste de Sainson, 'Nlle. Irlande: 1. Habitant de
Tonga;… 4. Habitant du Havre Carteret'; 'Moluques. 1. César, jeune papou de
Gilolo'. In Jules-Sébastien-César Dumont d'Urville, Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe
exécuté pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829 … Atlas historique, pls 114, 129
(Paris: J. Tastu, 1833). Lithographs.
Introduction
1. Adrien-Hubert Brué, 'Océanie ou cinquième partie du monde comprenant
l'Archipel d'Asie, l'Australasie, la Polynésie, &.a … 1814'. Engraving.
2. Ambroise Tardieu, 'Carte pour l'intelligence du mémoire de M. le capitaine
d'Urville sur les îles du grand océan (Océanie)' (1832). Engraving.
3. Charles V. Monin, Océanie: divisions de l'Océanie (1834). Engraving.
Part 1 Emergence: thinking the science of race, 1750-1880
4. Anon., 'Crania collectionis meae quina selectissima adumbrat, ad totidem
generis humani varietatum principalium diversitatem demonstrandam: 1.
Tungusae; 2. Caribaei; 3. Feminae juvenis Georgianae; 4. O-taheitae; 5.
Aethiopissae Guineensis' (1795). Engraving.
5. [Alphonse] Vien, 'Le craniographe de M. Broca' (1860-3). Engraving.
Part 2 Experience: the science of race and Oceania, 1750-1869
6. Anon., 'Développement du dynamomètre de Citen. Regnier' (1798).
Engraving.
7. Jean Louis Denis Coutant after Antoine Chazal, 'Crânes de Papous' (1824).
Engraving.
8. Jules-Louis Le Jeune, 'Papou de L'Ile Bougainville Bouca' [1823]. Pen and
wash drawing.
9. Jules-Louis Le Jeune, 'Nlle Irlande' [1823]. Pen and wash drawing.
10. [J.-B.?] Léveillé after photograph by [Louis-Auguste?] Bisson of Pierre-Marie
Alexandre Dumoutier, 'Ma-Pou-Ma-Hanga. Native de l'Ile de Manga-Réva,
Archipel Gambier (Polynésie)' (1846). Lithographed photograph of plaster
bust..
11. [J.-B.?] Léveillé after photograph by [Louis-Auguste?] Bisson of Pierre-Marie
Alexandre Dumoutier, 'Guenney. Natif de Port-Sorelle, (Comté de Dévon),
ix
Foreign Bodies
Côte-Nord de la terre de Van Diemen (Mélanésie)' (1846). Lithographed
photograph of plaster bust.
12. Jules-Louis Le Jeune, 'Habitants du Port Dori. Nouvelle Guinée' [1823]. Pen
and wash drawing.
13. George Windsor Earl, 'Seats of the Papuan Race in the Indian Archipelago'
(1853). Engraving.
14. W.H. Lizars, 'A Papua or Negro of the Indian Islands; Kătut a Native of Bali
one of the Brown complexioned Race' (1820). Engraving.
15. William Daniell, 'A Papuan or Native of New Guinea 10 years old' (1817).
Aquatint.
16. Alfred Russel Wallace, 'Physical Map of the Malay Archipelago … 1868'.
Engraving.
Part 3 Consolidation: the science of race and Aboriginal Australians,
1860-1885
17. Anon. after Prince Roland Bonaparte, 'Jenny' (1885). Engraved photographs.
Part 4 Complicity and Challenge: the science of race and Evangelical
humanism, 1800-1930
18. Anon., 'Our Two Mandates' (1921). Poster.
Part 5 Zenith: colonial contradictions and the chimera of racial purity,
1920-1940
19. Anon., 'Michael Leahy in the Wahgi Valley, 1934'. Photograph.
20. Robin Anderson, 'Clem Leahy and his Mother, Yamka Amp Wenta, 1983'.
Photograph.
21. Anon., 'Samoan Patriots' (1929). Photograph.
Back cover
'Céphalomètre du Dr. Dumoutier, construit par Mr. Gravet, ingénieur mécanicien
du Dépôt des Cartes et Plans de la Marine Nationale d'après les indications de
l'auteur'. In [Pierre-Marie Alexandre Dumoutier], Voyage au pôle sud et dans
l'Océanie … pendant les années 1837-1838-1839-1840 … Atlas anthropologique,
pl. 48 (Paris: Gide, 1846). Engraving.
x