Foreign Aid as Foreign Policy: The Alliance for Progress in Latin America

324 Pages·2007·4.85 MB·English

by  Jeffrey Taffet

RT7711X.indb 1 3/19/07 10:07:34 AM
RT7711X.indb 2 3/19/07 10:07:36 AM
Foreign Aid as
Foreign Policy
The Alliance for Progress in Latin America
Jeffrey F. Taffet
New York London
RT7711X.indb 3 3/19/07 10:07:36 AM
Routledge Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group Taylor & Francis Group
270 Madison Avenue 2 Park Square
New York, NY 10016 Milton Park, Abingdon
Oxon OX14 4RN
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number‑10: 0‑415‑97771‑1 (Softcover) 0‑415‑97770‑3 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑0‑415‑97771‑5 (Softcover) 978‑0‑415‑97770‑8 (Hardcover)
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming,
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Taffet, Jeffrey F.
Foreign aid as foreign policy : the Alliance for Progress in Latin America / Jeffrey F.
Taffet.
p. cm.
ISBN 0‑415‑97770‑3 (hardback : alk. paper) ‑‑ ISBN 0‑415‑97771‑1 (pbk.
: alk. paper)
1. Alliance for Progress. 2. Economic assistance, American‑‑Latin America.
3. United States‑‑Foreign relations‑‑Latin America. 4. Latin America‑‑Foreign
relations‑‑United States. I. Title.
HC125.T294 2007
327.1’11‑‑dc22 2006032180
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the Routledge Web site at
http://www.routledge.com
RT7711X.indb 4 3/19/07 10:07:36 AM
For Benjamin and Micah
RT7711X.indb 5 3/19/07 10:07:37 AM
RT7711X.indb 6 3/19/07 10:07:37 AM
Contents
Introduction: The Politics of Foreign Aid 1
Chapter 1 Changing Course in Latin America: Influences from
Eisenhower, Modernization Theorists, Kennedy, and the Cuban
Revolution 11
Chapter 2 Implementing the Alliance for Progress: The Initial
Theoretical, Political, Management, and Marketing Problems 29
Chapter 3 Kennedy to Johnson: Giving Up on Idealism and
Worrying About Political Instability 47
Chapter 4 Chile and the Alliance for Progress: Fighting Allende
and Pushing Frei 67
Chapter 5 Brazil and the Alliance for Progress: Undermining
Goulart and Rewarding the Military 95
Chapter 6 The Dominican Republic and the Alliance for
Progress: Using Aid to Clean Up the Post-Trujillo and
Postintervention Messes 123
Chapter 7 Colombia and the Alliance for Progress: Pushing
Reliable Allies to Demonstrate That Aid Could Work 149
Chapter 8 The Alliance for Progress in the Late 1960s: The Slow
Fade to Irrelevance 175
vii
RT7711X.indb 7 3/19/07 10:07:37 AM
viii • Contents
Conclusion 195
Appendix A
Address by President John F. Kennedy at the White House
Reception for Members of the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin
American Republics, March 13, 1961 199
Appendix B
The Charter of Punta Del Este: Establishing an Alliance for
Progress within the Framework of Operation Pan America,
August 17, 1966 205
Appendix C
President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Remarks on the Alliance for
Progress to Representatives of the Countries of Latin
America, November 26, 1963 225
Appendix D
Declaration of the Presidents of America, Punta del Este,
Uruguay, April 14, 1967 227
Appendix E
Key Officials in the Alliance for Progress Era 247
Endnotes 251
Index 301
RT7711X.indb 8 3/19/07 10:07:37 AM
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the staff at the National Archives in College Park,
Regina Greenwell and the archivists at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library in
Austin, William Johnson and the archivists at the John F. Kennedy Library
in Boston, and the staff at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC. I
also received help from Jim Huttlinger at the World Bank and Michele Dol-
bec at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in Washington, DC. Gloria
Carmen deHart aided me at the Ministry of Foreign Relations in Santiago,
Chile. Librarians at the University of Rochester, Georgetown University,
Canisius College, Princeton University, Yale University, Dickinson Col-
lege, the New York Public Library, and the United States Merchant Marine
Academy all tracked down materials for me. Wayne Fuhrman at the New
York Public Library was gracious in offering space in the Wertheim Study
and Allen Rooms where I wrote most of the text.
I received financial assistance from the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation,
the Lyndon B. Johnson Library Foundation, and Georgetown University.
David Painter of Georgetown University has been a constant source of
support. Many of the best ideas in this work came from our discussions.
John Tutino, also from Georgetown, started me thinking about these issues
more than a decade ago. The number of scholars who commented on con-
ference papers that became part of this manuscript is far too long to list,
but I would like to especially thank Stephen Rabe and William Walker.
These historians of U.S.–Latin American relations set a very high standard
in their writing. Stephen Rabe’s book on U.S.–Latin American relations in
the 1960s will long be the definitive word on the topic, and was instrumen-
ix
RT7711X.indb 9 3/19/07 10:07:37 AM