Forced Migration in Eastern Africa: Democratization, Structural Adjustment, and Refugees PDF
Preview Forced Migration in Eastern Africa: Democratization, Structural Adjustment, and Refugees
Forced Migration in Eastern Africa This page intentionally left blank Forced Migration in Eastern Africa Democratization, Structural Adjustment, and Refugees Cassandra R. Veney FORCEDMIGRATIONINEASTERNAFRICA © Cassandra R.Veney,2007. All rights reserved.No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010 and Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire,England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13:978–1–4039–7610–9 ISBN-10:1–4039–7610–4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veney,Cassandra R,1959– Forced migration in Eastern Africa :democratization,structural adjustment,and refugees / Cassandra R.Veney. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–4039–7610–4 (alk.paper) 1.Refugees––Africa,Eastern.2.Refugees––Kenya. 3.Refugees––Tanzania.4.Forced migration––Africa,Eastern. 5.Social conflict––Africa,Eastern.I.Title. HV640.4.A354V46 2006 362.87(cid:2)561096762––dc22 2006046362 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.,Chennai,India. First edition:January 2007 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. Contents List of Tables and Figures vii Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xi Chapter 1 Rethinking African Refugees and Forced Migration 1 Chapter 2 Wars and Rumors of War: The Politics of Forced Migration for Kenya and Tanzania 19 Chapter 3 Changes in Official Refugee Policies 63 Chapter 4 Local Host Communities’ Responses to Refugees 105 Chapter 5 The International Community and Refugees in Tanzania and Kenya 151 Chapter 6 Refugee Women in Kenya and Tanzania 189 Chapter 7 Conclusion 217 Notes 225 Bibliography 237 Index 273 This page intentionally left blank List of Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 Refugee Population by World Region of Origin, 1993–2002 in ’000 5 1.2 Refugee Population by African Regions, 1993–2002 in ’000 6 1.3 Top Ten African Countries of Asylum, 1993–2002 in ’000 6 1.4 Top Ten African Countries of Refugee Origin, 1993–2002 in ’000 7 2.1 Refugees into Kenya, 1992–2002 in the ’000 22 2.2 Refugees into Tanzania, 1992–2002 in ’000 40 Figures 4.1 Refugee Camps in Kenya 112 4.2 Operational Refugee Camps in Tanzania 136 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments M any people were instrumental in providing a variety of assistance that allowed me to complete this book. I only wish that I could acknowledge them all individually. However, I must thank K C Morrison, Paul Wallace, and Charles Sampson for their scholarly, financial, and personal support for my field research in Kenya while I was at the University of Missouri-Columbia. I also give thanks to the several friends and colleagues who provided contacts for my interviews and housing. I could not have conducted the research in Kenya without the assistance of the representatives of the nongovernmental organizations who were so generous with their time and resources. I give special thanks to David Kamau and Dr. Barry Hopkins who arranged my visits to the refugee camps and Endita Kiarie who arranged interviews with refugees in Nairobi. I want to thank the families and individuals who found hous- ing for me, opened their homes to me, shared many meals and evenings with me, and made sure that I experienced much that Nairobi has to offer—Joe and Lucy Muchekehu, Albert Kamau, Esther and Jeffery Kibachi, William Okwirry, and Gretchen Sanders. I thank my former dean and my former chairperson of the Department of Politics and Government at Illinois State University for the leave that allowed me to conduct research in Tanzania. I thank Eleanor Mohammed for taking care of all of my financial and personal matters while I was in Tanzania. I was in Tanzania during El Nino against the advice of several friends and colleagues. Travel to western Tanzania would have been difficult under good weather conditions, but with the rains with El Nino, travel was made even more difficult. Iwould not have made it to Kibondo without the insistence, encourage- ment, and contacts from Dr. Emmanuel Kandusi and his brother-in-law Captain George Chabandi. After reaching Kibondo, Dr. William Chabandi and Captain Chabandi were instrumental in introducing me to the area, finding housing for me, and arranging my visits the refugee
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