Force & Accommodation in World Politics

383 Pages·1991·18.79 MB·English

by  Stanley E. Spangler

(cid:9)(cid:9)
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Spangler,StanleyE.
Forceandaccommodationinworldpolitics/byStanleyE.Spangler.
p.cm.
"June 1991."
Includesbibliographicalreferencesand index.
l.United States-Foreign relations-SovietUnion. 2.Soviet
Union-Foreignrelations--United States. 3.UnitedStates-Foreign
relations-1945- . 4.SovietUnion-Foreignrelations-1945-. 5.Pacific
settlementofinternationaldisputes. I.Title.
E183.8.S65S627 1991
327.73047--dc20 91-17932
CIP
DISCLAIMER
This publication was produced in the Department ofDefense school
environment intheinterestof academic freedom and theadvancement of
nationaldefense-related concepts.Theviewsexpressedinthis publication
arethoseoftheauthoranddonotreflecttheofficialpolicyorpositionofthe
DepartmentofDefense ortheUnitedStatesgovernment.
This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review
authoritiesand isclearedforpublic release.
ForSalebytheSuperintendentofDocuments
USGovernmentPrintingOffice
Washington,DC20402
ii
ToMy
MotherandFather
JohnHaroldand WinifredSpangler

(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)
Contents
Chapter Page
DISCLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
ABOUT THE AUTHOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
Part 1
Factors InhibitingAccommodative
Diplomacy since World War II
1 Bargainingwith Threats andIncentives:
The Nature ofPositive Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Kerman, Containment, and Carrots . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Historical Analogies,the Containment
Paradigm, and the Role ofInducements . . . . . . . . 47
4 OtherImpediments toConciliation: Rhetoric,
Politics, and Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5 Global Change and SuperpowerCooperation . . . . 101
v
Chapter Page
Part 2
CaseStudies
6 Quemoy Crisis of 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7 Berlin Crisis of 1958--59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8 Berlin Crisis of 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
9 CubanMissile Crisis and the Vietnam War . . . . . . 251
Part 3
Summary
10 Sticks, Carrots, andPositive Diplomacy:
A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
11 Some Final Thoughts onForce and
Accommodation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Foreword
As we near the beginning of a new century the international
system andrelationsbetweennations are undergoingfar-reaching
and fundamental changes. While many conservative observers
object to assertions that the cold war is over, there can be little
doubt that the conflictual relationship between the United States
and the Soviet Union has changed enormously in the past few
years. While no one can predict what form the relationship will
take in years ahead, nor what will eventually come out of the
Gorbachev revolution in the USSR, it now seems obvious that
things are unlikely toreturn tothe glacial and highly threatening
bilateral confrontation of the four decades that followed World
War II.
All thesechanges donot mean thatconflict between the United
States and the Soviet Unionis athing ofthepast. Itcertainly does
notmeanthat military forcewill become avirtualnonplayer inthe
relations between nations. What it does mean, at least in the
judgment of the author of this study, is that a host of factors-
political,economic, social, andenvironmental-havecombinedin
this nuclear age to make many of the past practices of the
superpowers irrelevant, counterproductive, or both. As a result,
both the superpowers, as well asmany othernations, are currently
fumbling about, seeking some new system under which their
foreignrelations can be more profitably conducted.
DrSpanglerdevelops amodelorconceptualapproachtoforeign
policy that he calls "positive diplomacy," which is to him a
preferable methodofintegrating force and diplomacy inthis very
complicated and increasingly dangerous world. Although he
makes noclaimthat thisapproach is scientificor exact, it is his
consideredjudgment thatthe world would beafar saferand more
pleasantplace ifpolicymakers handledtheirinternationalrelations
with this ora similar policy-making_;~ramework innthTd,

About the
Author
StanleyE.Spangler is aSecretaryoftheNavy seniorfellow and
professor of National Security Affairs at the US Naval War
College, Newport, Rhode Island. He has also served as a senior
research fellow at the Air University Center for Aerospace
Doctrine, Research, and Education (AUCADRE), Maxwell Air
Force Base, Alabama; as special assistant to the dean and
international program adviser at the Fletcher School of Law and
Diplomacy at Tufts University; asexecutivedirectoroftheWorld
Affairs Council ofBoston; as director ofthe Office ofPublic and
International Affairs at the University of North Carolina; as an
associateregionaldirectorforthe ForeignPolicyAssociation; and
as aprogram officerforthe Asia Foundation.
He is apastpresident ofthe National Council ofWorld Affairs
Organizations; a member ofthe Editorial Advisory Committee of
the ForeignPolicyAssociation; anda formercommissioneronthe
US National Commission for the United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Agraduate ofthe University ofMontana, DrSpanglerreceived
his master'sdegree inpolitical science from ColumbiaUniversity
and his doctorate from the University of North Carolina. He is
currently working ontwoother books on US foreign policy; one
on the changing nature of deterrence and the other on the
Sino-Americanrapprochement.