Forbidden Archeology: The Hidden History of the Human Race

924 Pages·1996·9.36 MB·English

by  Michael A. Cremo, Richard L. Thompson

Table of Contents

Foreword
Introduction and Acknowledgments
1 THE SONG OF THE RED LION

1.1 Darwin Hesitates
1.2 The Neanderthals
1.3 Haeckel and Darwinism
1.4 The search Begins
1.5 Darwin speaks
1.6 The Incompleteness of the Fossil Record
1.7 The Geological Timetable
1.8 The Appearance of the Hominids
1.9 Some Principles of Epistemology
1.10 Theories and Anomalous Evidence
1.11 The Phenomenon of Suppression

2 INCISED AND BROKEN BONES: THE DAWN
OF DECEPTION

2.1 St. Prest, France (early Pleistocene or Late
Pliocene)
2.2 A Modern example: Old Crow River, Canada
(Late Pleistocene)
2.3 The Anza-Borrego Desert, California (Middle
Pleistocene)
2.4 Val D’arno, Italy (early Pleistocene or late
Pliocene)

2.5 San Giovanni, Italy (late Pliocene)
2.6 Rhinoceros of Billy, France (Middle Miocene)
2.7 Colline de Sansan, France ( Middle Miocene)
2.8 Pikermi, Greece (late Miocene)
2.9 Pierced Shark Teeth from the Red Crag,
England (Late Pliocene)
2.10 Carved Bone from the Dardanelles, Turkey
(Miocene)
2.11 Balaenotus of Monte Aperto, Italy (Pliocene)
2.12 Halitherium of Pouance, France (Middle
Miocene)
2.13 San Valentino, Italy (Late Pliocene)
2.14 Clermont-Ferrand, France (Middle Miocene)
2.15 Carved Shell from the Red Crag, England
(Late Pliocene)
2.16 Bone implements From Below the Red Crag,
England (Pliocene to Eocene)
2.17 Dewlish Elephant Trench, England (Early
Pleistocene to Late Pliocene)
2.18 More on implements From Below the Red
Crag (Pliocene to Eocene)
2.19 Implements from Cromer Forest Bed,
England (Middle to Early Pleistocene)
2.20 Sawn Wood from Cromer Forest Bed,
England (Middle to Early Pleistocene)
2.21 Concluding Words about Intentionally
Modified Bone

3 EOLITHS

3.1 Anomalously Old Stone Tools

3.2 B. Harrison and the Eoliths of the Kent
Plateau, England (Pliocene)
3.2.1 Young Harrison
3.2.2 Neoliths and Paleoliths
3.2.3 Eoliths
3.2.4 More on the Geology of the Kent Plateau
3.2.5 The Relative Antiquity of Eoliths and
Paleoliths
3.2.6 A.R. Wallace Visits Harrison
3.2.7 More Objections
3.2.8
The
British
Association
Sponsors

Excavations
3.2.9 The Royal Society Exhibition
3.2.10 The Problem of Forgery
3.2.11 “The Greater Antiquity of Man”
3.2.12 On the Treatment of Anomalous Evidence
3.2.13 More Honors for Harrison
3.2.14 More Opposition

3.3 Discoveries by J. Reid Moir in East Anglia

3.3.1 Moir and Harrison
3.3.2 The Age of the Crag Formations
3.3.3 Tools from Below the Red Crag (Pliocene to

Eocene)
3.3.4 The Foxhall Finds (Late Pliocene)
3.3.5 Cromer Forest Bed (Middle or Early
Pleistocene)
3.3.6 Moir Versus Haward
3.3.7 Warren’s Attack on Moir
3.3.8 An International Commission of Scientists
Decides in Favor of Moir
3.3.9 Continued Opposition
3.3.10 Silence Ends the Debate
3.3.11 Recent Negative Evaluations of Moir’s
Discoveries
3.3.12 A Slightly Favorable Modern Review of
Moir’s Finds

3.4 Breuil and Barnes: Two Famous Debunkers of
Eoliths

3.4.1 Breuil’s Attempt to End the Eolith
Controversy

3.5 Cement Mill Eoliths?
3.6 Impact of the English Eolithic Industries on
Modern Ideas of Human Evolution

3.6.1 Eoliths of the Kent Plateau
3.6.2 East Anglian Tools and the African Origins
Hypothesis
3.6.3 Recent Pakistan Finds (Plio-Pleistocene

Boundary)

3.7 Acceptable Eoliths: The Stone Tools of
Zhoukoudian and Olduvai Gorge

3.7.1 Accepted Implements from Zhoukoudian
(Middle Pleistocene)
3.7.2 The Oldowan Industry (Early Pleistocene)
3.7.3 Who Made the Eolithic and Oldowan
Implements?

3.8 Recent Examples of Eolithic Implements from the
Americas

3.8.1 Standard Views on the Entry of Humans Into
North America
3.8.2 Texas Street, San Diego (Early Late
Pleistocene to Late Middle Pleistocene)
3.8.3 Louis Leakey and the Calico Site in
California (Middle Pleistocene)
3.8.4
Toca
da
Esperança,
Brazil
(Middle

Pleistocene)
3.8.5 Alabama Pebble Tools
3.8.6 Monte Verde, Chile (Late Pleistocene)
3.8.7 Early Humans in America and the Eolith
Question

3.9 A Recent Eolithic Discovery from India
(Miocene)

4 CRUDE PALEOLITHIC STONE TOOLS

4.1 The Finds of Carlos Ribeiro in Portugal (
Miocene)

4.1.1 A Summary History of Ribeiro’s Discoveries

4.2 The Finds of The Abbé Bourgeois at Thenay,
France (Miocene)

4.2.1 Debates About the Discoveries at Thenay

4.3 Implements From the Late Miocene of Aurillac,
France

4.3.1 A Find by Tardy
4.3.2 Further Discoveries by Rames
4.3.3 Verworn’s Expedition to Aurillac

4.4 Discoveries By A. Rutot In Belgium (Oligocene)
4.5 Discoveries By Freudenberg Near Antwerp (
Early Pliocene to Late Miocene)

4.5.1 Flint Implements
4.5.2 Cut Shells
4.5.3 Incised Bones
4.5.4 Possible Human Footprints
4.5.5
The
Identity
of
Freudenberg’s

Palaeanthropus

4.6 Central Italy (Late Pliocene)
4.7 Stone Tools From Burma (Miocene)
4.8 Tools From Black’s Fork River, Wyoming
(Middle Pleistocene)

5 ADVANCED PALEOLITHS AND NEOLITHS

5.1 Discoveries Of Florentino Ameghino In Argentina

5.1.1 Monte
Hermoso (Middle
and Early

Pliocene)
5.1.2 Hrdlicka Attempts to Discredit Ameghino
5.1.3 Willis Stacks the Geological Deck
5.1.4 A Demolition Job by W. H. Holmes
5.1.5 Other Finds by F. Ameghino
5.1.6 Evidence for the Intentional Use of Fire
5.1.7 Primitive Kilns and Foundries?
5.1.8 Ameghino on the South American Origins of
Hominids

5.2 Tools Found by Carlos Ameghino at Miramar
(Pliocene)

A 5.2.1 Age of Site Commission of Geologists
Confirms
5.2.2 A Stone Point Embedded in a Toxodon
Femur (Pliocene)
5.2.3 Romero’s Critique of the Miramar Site
5.2.4 Boule on the Toxodon Femur with
Arrowhead
5.2.5 Boman, the Excellent Ethnographer

5.3 Other Bolas and Bolalike Implements

5.3.1 The Sling Stone from Bramford, England
(Pliocene to Eocene)
5.3.2
Bolas
from
Olduvai
Gorge
(Early

Pleistocene)

5.4 Relatively Advanced North American Paleolithic
Finds

5.4.1 Sheguiandah: Archeology as a Vendetta

5.5 Neolithic Tools From The Tertiary Auriferous
Gravels Of California

5.5.1 The Age of the Auriferous Gravels
5.5.2 Discoveries of Doubtful Age
5.5.3 Tuolumne Table Mountain
5.5.4 Dr. Snell’s Collection
5.5.5 The Walton Mortar
5.5.6 The Carvin Hatchet
5.5.7 The Stevens Stone Bead
5.5.8 The Pierce Mortar
5.5.9 The Neale Discoveries

6 ANOMALOUS HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

6.1 Middle and early Pleistocene discoveries

6.1.1 The Trenton Human Bones (Middle
Pleistocene)
6.1.2 Some Middle Pleistocene skeletal remains
from Europe
6.1.2.1 Galley Hill
6.1.2.2 The Moulin Quignon Jaw: A Possible Case
of Forgery

6.1.2.3 The Clichy Skeleton
6.1.2.4 La Denise, France
6.1.3 The Ipswich Skeleton (Middle Middle
Pleistocene)
6.1.4 Possible Early Man Sites With No Skeletal
Remains
6.1.5 A Human Skull from The Early Pleistocene
at Buenos Aires
6.1.6 The Lagoa Santa Calotte

6.2 Fossil Human Remains from Tertiary Formations

6.2.1 The Foxhall Jaw (late Pliocene)
6.2.2 Human Skeletons from Castenedolo, Italy (
Middle Pliocene)
6.2.3 A Skeleton from Savona, Italy (Middle
Pliocene)
6.2.4 A Human Vertebra from Monte Hermoso
(Early Pliocene)
6.2.5 A Jaw Fragment from Miramar, argentina
(late Pliocene)
6.2.6 Human skeletal remains from the California
Gold country (Pliocene to Eocene)
6.2.6.1 The Calaveras Skull
6.2.6.2 Captain Akey’s Report
6.2.6.3 The Hubbs Skull Fragment
6.2.6.4 A Human Jaw from Below Table Mountain
6.2.6.5 Human Bones from the Missouri Tunnel
6.2.6.6 Dr. Boyce’s Discovery

6.2.7 More European discoveries (Miocene and
eocene)

6.3 Pre-tertiary Discoveries

6.3.1 Macoupin, Illinois (Carboniferous)
6.3.2 Human Footprints from the carboniferous
6.3.3 A Central Asian Footprint (Jurassic)

6.4 Conclusion

7 JAVA MAN

7.1 Dubois and Pithecanthropus Erectus

7.1.1 Initial Discoveries
7.1.2 The Discoveries at Trinil
7.1.3 Reports Reach Europe
7.1.4 Dubois Journeys to Europe with Java Man
7.1.5 The Selenka Expedition
7.1.6 Dubois Withdraws from the Battle
7.1.7 More Femurs
7.1.8 Are the Trinil Femurs Human?
7.1.9 Dubois Backs Away from His Original
Claims

7.2 The Heidelberg Jaw
7.3
Further
Java
Man
Discoveries
by
Von

Koenigswald

7.3.1 The Ngandong Fossils
7.3.2 First Find at Sangiran

7.4 Later Discoveries In Java
7.5 Chemical and Radiometric Datingof The Java
Homo Erectus Finds

7.5.1 The Ages of the Kabuh and Putjangan
Formations
7.5.2 Chemical Dating of the Trinil Femurs
7.5.3 Uranium Content Testing of the Sangiran
Fossils

7.6 Misleading Presentations of The Java Man
Evidence

8 THE PILTDOWN SHOWDOWN

8.1 Dawson Gets a Skull
8.2 Reactions to PiltDown Man
8.3 A Canine Tooth and Nose Bones
8.4 A Second Dawn Man Discovery
8.5 One Creature or Two?
8.6 The Effect of New Discoveries On Piltdown Man
8.7 Marston’s Crusade
8.8 Evidence of Forgery
8.9 Was The Piltdown Skull Genuine?
8.10 The Identity of The Forger

9 PEKING MAN AND OTHER FINDS IN CHINA

9.1 Discoveries at Choukoutien

9.1.1 The First Teeth
9.1.2 Davidson Black
9.1.3 The Rockefeller Foundation Sends Black to
China
9.1.4 Black and the Birth of Sinanthropus
9.1.5 The Transformation of the Rockefeller
Foundation
9.1.6 An Historic Find and a Cold-Blooded
Campaign
9.1.7 Evidence for Fire and Stone Tools at
Choukoutien
9.1.8 Recent Views
9.1.9 The Fossil Bones of Sinanthropus and Signs
of Cannibalism
9.1.10 Discoveries in the Upper Cave
9.1.11 Our Knowledge of Peking Man
9.1.12 The Fossils Disappear
9.1.13 An Example of Intellectual Dishonesty

9.2 OTHER DISCOVERIES IN CHINA

9.2.1 Dating by Morphology
9.2.2 Tongzi, Guizhou Province
9.2.3 Lantian Man
9.2.3.2 Morphological Dating of Lantian Man
9.2.3.3 Comparison of Faunal Evidence from
Gongwangling and Chenjiawo
9.2.3.4 Paleomagnetic Dates
9.2.3.5 Comparison of Faunal Evidence from

Gongwangling and Zhoukoudian
9.2.3.6 Analysis of Conflicting Opinions
9.2.3.7 Summary
9.2.4 Maba
9.2.5 Changyang County
9.2.6 Liujiang
9.2.7 Gigantopithecus
9.2.8 Dali
9.2.9 Summary of Overlapping Date Ranges
9.2.10 Stone Tools and Hominid Teeth at
Yuanmou (Early Early Pleistocene)
9.2.11 Stone Tools at Xihoudu (Early Early
Pleistocene)
9.2.12 Concluding Words on China

10 LIVING APE-MEN?

10.1 Hard Evidence Is Hard To Find
10.2 Cryptozoology
10.3 European Wildmen
10.4 Northwestern North America
10.5 More Footprints
10.6 Central And South America
10.7 Yeti: Wildmen of The Himalayas
10.8 The Almas of Central Asia
10.9 Wildmen of China
10.10 Wildmen of Malaysia And Indonesia

10.11 Africa
10.12 Mainstream Science and Wildman Reports

11 ALWAYS SOMETHING NEW OUT OF AFRICA

11.1 Reck’s skeleton

11.1.1 The Discovery
11.1.2 Leakey’s conversion
11.1.3 Cooper and Watson launch their Attack
11.1.4 Reck and Leakey change their Minds
11.1.5 The Radiocarbon Dating of Reck’s skeleton
11.1.6 Probable Date Range of Reck’s skeleton

11.2 The Kanjera Skulls and Kanam Jaw

11.2.1 Discovery of the kanjera skulls
11.2.2 Discovery of the kanam jaw
11.2.3 A commission of scientists Decides on
kanam and kanjera
11.2.4 Boswell strikes Again
11.2.5 Leakey Responds
11.2.6 Kanam and Kanjera after Boswell
11.2.7 Morphology of the kanam jaw
11.2.8 Chemical Testing Of the Kanam And
Kanjera Fossils

11.3 The Birth of Australopithecus

11.3.1 The Taung Child
11.3.2 Dart Retreats
11.3.3 Broom and Australopithecus