Table Of Content

FORKTAIL 16 (2000): 53-55 Foraging of Glossy and Pygmy Swiftlets in Palawan, Philippines CHARLES T. COLLINS In the Philippines, Glossy Swiftlets Collocalia esculenta, forage within 2 m of the ground in open areas while Pygmy Swiftlets C. troglodytes forage near canopy height. This seems to be a form of resource partitioning among similar-sized swiftlets. Geographically sympatric multi-species assemblages of Table 1. Linear measurements and body mass of Glossy swiftlets Collocalia and Aerodramus [subsumed in Swiftlets Collocalia esculenta and Pygmy Swiftlet C. Collocalia in Inskipp etal. 1996, An annotated checklist of troglodytes in the Philippines the birds of the Oriental region] are common throughout their range in South-East Asia, Indonesia and the Pacific C. esculenta C. troglodytes Islands (Medway 1962a, Rand and Gilliard 1968, Diamond 1972, Chantler and Driessens 1995). These Wing* 97-101 mm 90 mm Tail* 42 mm 40 mm swiftlets, like other Apodidae, feed on a diverse array of Culmen* 4 mm 3.5 mm aerial arthropods (Medway 1962b, Harrisson 1976, Tarsus* 8 mm 9 mm Langham 1980, Hails andAmirrudin 1981,Lourie and Mass** 7.1 g (6.3-8.3) 5.4 g± 0.48 SD (4.5-6.8) Tompkins in press, Collins and Francis in prep) with n=5 n=21 similar sized birds taking a similar range of prey sizes (Collins in prep). Accordingly, syntopic similar-sized * from duPont (1971) swiftlets would be expected to show some form of ** from Dunning (1983) resource partitioning. Altitudinal segregation between pairs of swiftlets has been recorded at several sites (Diamond 1972, Beehler 1978, Wading 1983, Coates facilities. More detailed observations of Glossy Swiftlet 1985, Finch and McKean 1987): other mechanisms may foraging were made from 20-22 September. also be present. This study examines the preferred Even casual observations indicated that Glossy foraging areas of two diminutive swiftlets, the Glossy Swiftlets regularly flew, and were presumably foraging, Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta, and the Pygmy Swiftlet C. at near ground level over cleared areas in the park as troglodytes, in an area of syntopy on Palawan, Philippine well as along paths through nearby brushy areas and Islands. over adjoining beaches.To quantify this, a pole marked The Glossy Swiftlet has an extensive range from the in 1 m increments was erected in an area regularly used Andaman and Nicobar Islands eastward through by Glossy Swiftlets to serve as a visual reference Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia, the Greater Sundas and standard. The number of foraging flights made at 0-1, northern New Guinea to the Bismarck, Admiralty and 1-2, 2-3 and greater than 3 m above ground level was Solomon Islands (Rand and Gilliard 1968, Salomonsen then recorded. All data were collected as the number of 1983, Chantler and Driessens 1995, Sankaran 1998). flights noted in 11 fifteen-minute observation periods. The grey-rumped Philippine populations, studied here, As the swiftlets were particularly active between 06h00 have sometimes been considered as a separate species, and 09h30, 9 of the 11 were in this period and only two C. marginata (Sibley and Monroe 1990, Chantler and between 17h00-18h00, just before dusk. A total of 1,508 Driessens 1995). The Pygmy Swiftlet, a Philippine flights were scored in this manner (Table 2). As typical endemic, is widespread in the archipelago, including of swiftlets of several species (Medway 1962b, Coates Palawan (duPont 1971, Rabor 1977, Dickinson 1989, 1985, Collins, pers. obs.), small groups of birds made Dickinson et al. 1991). Although these two species repetitive flights over a similar route, or ‘beat’, perhaps appear nearly ‘of the same size’ (duPont and Rabor 50-70 m long and 20 m wide. Since no birds were 1973), Glossy Swiftlets are slightly larger and heavier individually marked, an unknown number of swiftlets than Pygmy Swiftlets (Table L). The Glossy Swiftlet were involved, but typically from 4-5 and up to 10-12 and Pygmy Swiftlet widely co-occur in many areas of individuals appeared to be present during each foraging the Philippine Islands (duPont 1971, Rabor 1977, period. Each swiftlet’s flight path was probably recorded Dickinson et al. 1991, Chantler and Driessens 1995) on multiple occasions during any one period and the and appear to be ecologically syntopic as well. total flight paths recorded are not entirely independent Field observations of Glossy and Pygmy Swiftlets observations. As shown in Table 2 the preponderance were made opportunistically at the St Paul’s River (93%) of foraging flights of the Glossy Swiftlets in each Subterranean National Park, Palawan, during a more observation period were made in the 0-1 and 1-2 m detailed study of the echolocation acuity of the co¬ zones. occurring Palawan Swiftlet, Aerodramus [vanikorensis] Pygmy Swiftlets were only observed foraging at the palawanensis (Collins and Murphy 1994). Both Glossy level of the forest canopy which, in the study area, was and Pygmy Swiftlets were observed daily from 13-22 at a height of 15-20 m. In open areas where trees were September 1990 in the vicinity of the park visitor more widely spaced, these swiftlets flew a bit lower 54 CHARLES T. COLLINS Forktail 16 (2000) Table 2. Foraging heights of Glossy Swiftlets (Collocalia esculenta) in Palawan Height Observation periods (15 minutes) above ground 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total (%) 0-1 m 60 24 74 84 63 50 38 77 107 49 57 683 (45.29) 1-2 m 60 17 63 94 105 51 39 82 98 81 30 720 (47.75) 2-3 m 9 3 7 12 14 6 10 13 8 11 5 98 ( 6.50) > 3 m 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 7 ( 0.46) Total 129 44 146 190 184 107 87 174 214 141 92 1508 Time of day PM PM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM around the edges of isolated trees but were never forage low over open grasslands, cultivated ricefields and observed to drop much below canopy height in any inside openings or clearing in forests (Medway 1962b, foraging flight. The height of their flight paths was not duPont and Rabor 1973, Diamond 1975, Rabor 1977, quantified. Hails and Amirrudin 1981). In New Guinea this species On 20 September Glossy and Pygmy Swiftlets were ‘habitually flies at a lower level, closer to vegetation, and noted foraging in a mixed flock just south of the visitor less swiftly, than other swiftlets: often low to the ground area where a large tree had fallen on a steep seaward¬ around clearings, along forest trails, and low over shores facing hillside. This resulted in an opening in the forest shaded by beach trees and coconuts’ (Coates 1985). with very low new brushy growth. A mixed flock, This is distinctly different from most other swiftlets, consisting of about 18 Glossy Swiftlets and 2 Pygmy which typically fly higher over the forest canopy Swiftlets, had established a foraging ‘beat’ there, roughly (Medway 1962b, Hails and Amirrudin 1981, Lourie and 30-40 m in diameter. At the innermost part of their Tompkins in press). Pygmy Swiftlets have similarly been circular route they were flying 1-2 m over the emergent noted to use ‘cultivated fields and open grassland areas growth, while at the outermost part of the route they with patches of dense tree growth’ (Rabor 1977). were close to or just above the canopy of the tall forest However, no mention has been made of any differences trees growing much lower on the steep slope (Fig. L). in foraging height, even in areas where the two species This unique situation contained elements of what occurred in close proximity (duPont and Rabor 1973). appeared to be the preferred foraging habitat of both The long wings and tail and low body mass enable species and was the only time they were observed Glossy Swiftlets to ‘forage much closer to vegetation foraging together. than other swifts which demand more room to In many parts of their range, Glossy Swiftlets have manoeuvre’ (Hails and Amirrudin 1981). This would been noted by several observers to characteristically apply as well to the morphologically similar Pygmy Swiftlet (Table 1). The pronounced non-overlapping foraging heights of Glossy and Pygmy Swiftlets noted in this area of syntopy seems to represent a form of resource partitioning which would allow them to exploit similar types and sizes of food items but in distinctly different microhabitats. However, it is difficult to show conclusively that such segregation is in fact the result of competitive interactions. In New Guinea, where the Pygmy Swiftlet does not occur, Glossy Swiftlets appear to forage in much the same manner as in Palawan, but also around the crowns of tall trees (Coates 1985). Similarly, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Glossy Swiftlets spend considerable time foraging at medium heights (>5m <50m)(Hails and Amirrudin 1981). These observations suggest that Glossy Swiftlets forage at a greater range of heights in areas of allotopy than in areas of syntopy with Pygmy Swiftlets. This would support the interpretation that the observed differences in foraging height of Glossy and Pygmy Swiftlets represents competition based resource partitioning. Further observations of foraging in other areas of syntopy of Figure 1. Flight path of mixed foraging flock of Glossy and these two swiftlets were not possible during this brief Pygmy Swiftlets in tree-fall area, Palawan, Philippines. trip; such data would be informative. Forktail 16 (2000) Foraging of Glossy and Pygmy Swiftlets in Palawan, Philippine Islands 55 I would like to express my appreciation to The Cousteau Society for Hails, C. J. and Amiruddin, A. (1981) Food samples and selectivity economic and logistic support for this research. Special thanks to of White-bellied Swiftlets, Collocalia esculenta. Ibis 123: 329-333. the late Captain Cousteau for his interest in better understanding Harrisson,T. (1976) The food of Collocalia swiftlets (Aves, Apodidae) the biology of swiftlets in Palawan. at Niah Great Cave, in Borneo. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 71: 376-393. Inskipp, T., Lindsey, N. and Duckworth, W. (1996) An annotated REFERENCES checklist of the birds of the Oriental Region. Sandy, Beds, U.K.: Oriental Bird Club. Langham, N. (1980) Breeding biology of the Edible-nest Swiftlet Beehler, B. M. (1978) Upland birds of northeastern New Guinea: a Aerodramus fuciphagus. Ibis 122: 447-461. guide to the hill and mountain birds of the Morobe Province. Wau: Lourie, S. and Tompkins, D. M. (in press) Impact of changing land- Wau Ecology Inst. use on the diets of Malaysian swiftlets. Ibis. Chantler, P. and Driessens, G. (1995) Swifts: a guide to the swifts and Medway, Lord (1962a) The swiftlets (Collocalia) of Niah Cave, treeswifts of the world. Sussex, UK: Pica Press. Sarawak. Part 1. Breeding biology. Ibis 104: 45-66. Coates, B. (1985) The birds of Papua New Guinea, 1. Alderly, Austra¬ Medway, Lord (1962b) The swiftlets (Collocalia) of Niah Cave, lia: Dove Publ. Ltd. Sarawak. Part 2. Ecology and the regulation of breeding. Ibis Collins, C. T. and Murphy, R. (1994) Echolocation acuity of the 104: 228-245. Palawan Swiftlet (Aerodramus palawanensis). Avocetta 17: 157- Rabor, D. S. (1977) Philippine birds and mammals. Quezon City: Univ. 162. Philippines Press. Diamond, J. M. (1972) Avifauna of the eastern highlands of New Rand, A. L. and Gilliard, E.T. (1968) Handbook of New Guinea birds. Guinea. Publ. Nuttall Ornith. Club 12: 1-438. Garden City, NY: Nat. Hist. Press. Diamond, J. M. (1975) Distributional ecology and habitats of some Salomonsen, F. (1983) Revision of the Melanesian swiftlets (Apodes, Bougainville birds (Solomon Islands). Condor 77: 14-23. Aves) and their conspecific forms in the Indo-australian and Dickinson, E. C. (1989) A review of smaller Philippine swiftlets of Polynesian region. Kong. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. 23: 1-112. the genus Collocalia. Forktail 5: 23-34. Sankaran, R. (1998) An annotated list of the endemic avifauna of Dickinson, E. C., Kennedy, R. S. and Parkes, K. C. (1991) The birds the Nicobar Islands. Forktail 13: 17-22. of the Philippines: an annotated check-list. Tring: British Ornitholo¬ Schodde, R. and Hitchcock,W. B. (1968) Contributions to Papuasian gists’ Union (Check-list No. 12). Ornithology. 1. Report on the birds of the Lake Kutubu area, Dunning, J. B., Jr (1993) CRC handbook of avian body masses. Boca Territory of Papua New Guinea. Div. Wildlife Res. Tech. Paper 13: Raton, FI.: CRC Press. 1-73. duPont, J. E. (1971) Philippine birds. Delaware Museum of Natural Sibley, C. G. and Monroe, B. L. Jr (1990) Distribution and taxonomy History, Monograph Series 2. of birds of the world. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. duPont, J. E. and Rabor, D. S. (1973) Birds of Dinagat and Siargao, Watling, D. (1983) Ornithological notes from Sulawesi. Emu 83: Philippines. Nemouria 10: 1-111. 247-261. Finch, B. W. and McKean, J. L. (1987) Some notes on the birds of the Bismarcks. Muruk 2: 3-28. Charles T. Collins, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, U.S.A.