Football, Nationality and the State PDF
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This page intentionally left blank FOOTBALL, NATIONALITY AND THE STATE This page intentionally left blank Football, Nationality and the State Vic Duke and Liz Crolley RO Routledge U T LED Taylor & Francis Group G E LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1996 by Addison Wesley Longman Limited Published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third A venue, New York, NY l 00 l 7, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright© 1996, Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN 13: 978-0-582-29306-9 (pbk) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Duke, Vic. Football, nationality, and the stateNic Duke and Liz Crolley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-582-29306-5 (ppr) 1. Soccer - Social aspects. 2. Soccer - Political aspects. 3. Sports and state. 4. Nationalism and sports. I. Crolley, Liz, 1966-- II. Title. GV943.9.S64D85 1996 96-23692 796.336--dc20 CIP The cover photograph was taken by Vic Duke at the San Siro Stadium before an Inter Milan match. The photographs in the text were taken by Vic Duke with the exception of Figures 3.1 and 8.1, which were taken by Liz Crolley. Liz: To my 'football family' at Anfield Vic: To my uncle Jean Dekegel ( 1907-96), former player with RSC Anderlecht, who encouraged my youthful interest in international football, and my mother, Anna Duke (nee Dekegel, 1915-96), neither of whom lived to see this book in print This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List off igures and tables ix Preface Xl 1 Introduction: the game of nations 1 The development of FIFA and the changing global politics of football 2 Football, nationality and the state 3 Football nations within the state 5 Football as an extension of the state 6 PART ONE Football Nations within the State 9 2 UK 4 FIFA 0: the result of football's early development 11 FIFA and the UK associations: a history of separation and reconciliation 12 The pervasive dominance of the UK associations 13 Advantages and disadvantages in having four UK associations 15 The future for separateness: Scotland and Ireland 17 Making a case for separateness: the League of Wales 19 3 Storming the Castile: footballing nations in Spain 24 Background to the state of autonomies 24 Pre-Civil War period (1900-36) 25 The Spanish Civil War (1936-39) 30 Franco's regime (1939-75) 32 Transition to democracy (1975-96) 40 4 Playing in the right language: football in Belgium 50 Playing with a French ball: the early years of Belgian football 51 The radical response: an alternative league structure 1930-44 52 The gradual response: vervlaamsing of leading clubs 53 The where, the when and the why of vervlaamsing 54 Case studies of vervlaamsing 56 The paradox of Belgian football: a national structure in a federal state 60 5 Playing across the border: football frontiers 61 Reasons for playing across the border 62 Geographical proximity 62 viii Contents Economic pragmatism 63 Status presence 65 Political pressure 66 Pushed across the border: Berwick Rangers into Scotland 67 Nowhere else to go: Derry City into the Republic oflreland 70 Refugees on either side of the border: the case of Cyprus 7 6 PART TWO Football as Extension of the State 83 6 Red Star Dynamo Lokomotiv Torpedo FC: football in Eastern Europe 85 Football in Eastern Europe before socialism 86 Political importance of football in Eastern Europe 88 Socialist organization of sport 92 Changes in the late 1980s in response to perestroika and glasnost 94 Coping in the post-communist world 95 7 Don't shoot me, I'm the presidente: football and politics in Argentina 100 Formation of early football clubs in Argentina 100 Establishment of structures that integrate football and politics 101 The role of fans in football and politics 106 Politicization of the 1978 World Cup finals 111 8 Ultra-political: football culture in Italy By Rocco de Biasi, translated and edited by Liz Crolley 115 Militant fans and political allegiances 117 Are ultras right wing? 120 The 'antagonistic left' and the fans of the curva 122 T.he 'footballization' of politics? 123 9 Women can't play, it's a male ball: her story in football 128 Reasons for women's exclusion from football 129 Moral gender roles 130 Physical gender roles 131 Women as players 131 Women's involvement as fans 139 Women and the football media 141 References 145 Index 149 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1.1 The state and football are closely interlinked in Argentina. River Plate fans at the Estadio Provincial Malvinas Argentinas in Mendoza, Argentina, January 1994. 8 2.1 Hampden Park, Glasgow. The design of the seats at the Scottish national football stadium incorporates the Scottish flag. 17 3.1 The Campo Sarria ground, Barcelona. Non-Catalanists gather to the right of the terrace and Catalanists to the left while the scoreboard diplomatically spells the name of the club as both Castilian Espanol and Catalan Espanyol. 45 4.1 The main stand of FC Roeselare with the club's main sponsor, the Rodenbach brewery, in the background. 58 5.1 Scottish club Gretna welcome today's visitors. Visitors are always English as Gretna play in the English semi-professional Northern Premier League. 63 6.1 As the communist regimes liberalized, so the English 'disease' of football hooliganism spread to Eastern Europe. Ferencvaros fans took a leading role in Hungary. 96 7.1 The Boca end at La Bombonera, Boca Juniors Stadium. The match took place during an electoral campaign and the barras bravas were called to political duties elsewhere, hence the gaps in the centre of the middle tier. 111 8.1 The Estadio delli Alpi, home to both Juventus and Torino, was temporarily abandoned by Juve in protest at the high charges demanded by its owners, the local authority. 127 9.1 Arsenal Ladies about to kick off against Doncaster Belles in the match which decided the women's national division championship in April 1995. The Stainforth Miners' welfare ground has no cover, seating or terracing. 138
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