Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

185 Pages·2005·1.65 MB·English

by  B. W. J. Mahy (auth.), Professor Dr. Brian W.J. Mahy (eds.)

288
Current Topics
in Microbiology
and Immunology
Editors
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P.K.Vogt,LaJolla/California·H.Wagner,Munich
B.W.J. Mahy (Ed.)
Foot-and-Mouth
Disease Virus
With16Figures,MostlyinColor
ProfessorDr.BrianW.J.Mahy
NationalCenterforInfectiousDiseases
CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention
MailstopC12,1600cliftonroad
Atlanta,GA30333
USA
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
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Preface
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has been recognized in printed records
dating from the sixteenth century, and since the eradication of rinderpest
(cattleplague)intheearly partof thetwentieth century it hasbeen recog-
nized asthemost importantandfeareddiseaseofcattleandotherdomes-
tic livestock. The beginning of the twenty-first century brought the worst
outbreakofFMDeverexperiencedinEngland,whichhadbeencompletely
free of the disease for 33 years. This tragic epidemic, which spread to
Northern Ireland, Scotland, France and the Netherlands with severe eco-
nomicconsequences, emphasizedthe need for further research into better
methodsforthedetectionandcontrolofthedisease.
FMD is caused by a small RNA virus which is highly contagious and
cansurvivein meatandotheranimalproducts for long periodsatnormal
pHlevels.Thevirustypically infectscloven-hoofedanimals,includingcat-
tle,goats,pigsandsheep,aswellasawiderangeofnon-domesticatedani-
malsinregionsoftheworldwhereFMDvirusisendemic,suchastheAfri-
cancontinent.
There are seven recognized serotypes of FMD virus, with numerous
subtypes, and as a consequence vaccine production and administration is
complex and a major debate surrounds every disease outbreak regarding
therelativemeritsofvaccinationasopposedtotheslaughterofallinfected
animals.
In 1999adistinctstrain ofFMD typeO viruswasfirstdetectedinKin-
men, a Taiwanese island close to China, where it caused disease in cattle
andmortalityingoatsinJanuary2000.InMarch2000thisstrainspreadto
Japan which had been free of FMD since 1908, and to Korea which had
beenfreeofFMDsince1934.
Thisstrain,nowknownasthepan-AsiantypeOstrain,alsomovedina
westerlydirectionto causeFMD outbreaksinthemiddle East andEurope,
includingtheoutbreakinEnglandin2001.
The seven chapters in this volume provide an account of the present
knowledgeandunderstandingofFMDpathogenesisandglobalepidemiol-
ogy, the detailed structure of the virus itself andthe properties of its RNA
genome, the immune response of the host and the state of the art in vac-
cine production, and the nature of FMD virus evolution. It is clear that in
alltheseareasthereisstillmuchmoretolearnaboutthisfascinatingvirus.
Because of its highly contagious nature, researchworkon FMD is restrict-
VI Preface
ed to a small number of laboratories worldwide that have adequate con-
tainment facilities. Despite this restriction, the recent progress in research
onFMDwhichisdescribedinthisvolumehasprovidedaremarkablelevel
ofunderstandingofthisuniquevirus.
October2004,Atlanta,Georgia,USA
BrianW.J.Mahy
List of Contents
IntroductionandHistoryofFoot-and-MouthDiseaseVirus
B.W.J.Mahy ............................................... 1
Foot-and-MouthDisease:HostRangeandPathogenesis
S.AlexandersenandG.N.Mowat .............................. 9
TranslationandReplicationofFMDVRNA
G.J.Belsham............................................... 43
TheStructureofFoot-and-MouthDiseaseVirus
E.E.Fry·D.I.Stuart·D.J.Rowlands............................ 71
NaturalandVaccineInducedImmunitytoFMD
T.R.Doel.................................................. 103
GlobalEpidemiologyandProspectsforControl
ofFoot-and-MouthDisease
R.P.Kitching............................................... 133
Foot-and-MouthDiseaseVirusEvolution:
ExploringPathwaysTowardsVirusExtinction
E.Domingo·N.Pariente·A.Airaksinen·C.Gonz(cid:4)lez-Lopez·
S.Sierra·M.Herrera·A.Grande-P(cid:5)rez·P.R.Lowenstein·
S.C.Manrubia·E.L(cid:4)zaro·C.Escarm(cid:6)s ......................... 149
SubjectIndex ............................................. 175
List of Contributors
(Theiraddressescanbefoundatthebeginningoftheirrespectivechapters.)
Airaksinen,A. 149 Kitching,R.P. 133
Alexandersen,S. 9 L(cid:4)zaro,E. 149
Belsham,G.J. 43 Lowenstein,P.R. 149
Doel,T.R. 103 Mahy,B.W.J. 1
Domingo,E. 149 Manrubia,S.C. 149
Escarm(cid:6)s,C. 149 Mowat,G.N. 9
Fry,E.E. 71 Pariente,N. 149
Gonz(cid:4)lez-Lopez,C. 149 Rowlands,D.J. 71
Grande-P(cid:5)rez,A. 149 Sierra,S. 149
Herrera,M. 149 Stuart,D.I. 71
CTMI(2005)288:1--8
(cid:1)Springer-Verlag2005
Introduction and History
of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
B.W.J.Mahy
NationalCenterforInfectiousDiseases,
CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Atlanta,GA,USA
[email protected]
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 TheVirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Serotypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Genotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 TheWorldReferenceLaboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 TransmissionandSpreadofFMDV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7 OtherVirusesCausingVesicularLesions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8 Vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has been recognized as a significant epi-
demicdiseasethreateningthecattleindustrysincethesixteenthcentury,andinthe
latenineteenthcentury itwasshownbyLoefflerandFroschtobecausedbyasub-
microscopic, filterable transmissible agent, smaller than any known bacteria. The
agentcausingFMDwasthusthefirstvirusofvertebratestobediscovered,soonafter
the discoveryof tobaccomosaic virus ofplants. Itwas not until 1920 that a conve-
nient animal model for the study of FMD virus was established by Waldmann and
Pape,usingguinea-pigs,andwiththe laterdevelopmentofinvitrocellculturesys-
temsforthevirus,thechemicalandphysicalpropertiesofFMDviruswereelucidat-
edduring theremainderof thetwentiethcentury,culminating in1989withacom-
pletedescriptionofthethree-dimensionalstructureofthevirion.FMDvirusisclas-
sifiedasaspeciesintheAphthovirusgenusofthefamilyPicornaviridae.Thevirusis
acid labile, and the genome RNA contains a characteristic tract of polyC located
about360nucleotidesfromthe50 terminus.Sevenmainserotypesexistthroughout
theworld,aswellasnumeroussubtypes.TheWorldReferenceLaboratory forFMD
islocatedatPirbright,Surrey,UKandundertakessurveillanceofFMDepidemicsby
serotypingaswellasbygenotypingisolatesofthevirus.AmajorepidemicofFMD
occurredinthe UK in 2001 andwas caused by avirulent strain of FMD virus with
2 B.W.J.Mahy
origins in Asia. The advantages and some disadvantages of controlling FMD out-
breaksbyvaccinationarediscussed.
1
Introduction
Foot-and-mouthdisease(FMD)isofgreatantiquity,andwrittenrecords
date back to a description of the disease by a monk, Hieronymous Fra-
castorius, who in 1546 described an epidemic which occurred in cattle
nearVerona,Italy.Thediseasebecamenotoriousasaperennialthreatto
thecattleindustryoversubsequentcenturies,butitwasnotuntilthelate
nineteenthcentury thatthepathogenicagentwasdiscoveredby twofor-
mer pupils of Robert Koch, who were responding to a commission set
up by the German government to discover the cause. Friedrich Loeffler
and Paul Frosch worked originally in Greisswald but moved the project
in 1909 to the island of Insel Rheims, in the Baltic Sea, where it was felt
that work on FMD could be carried out without danger to livestock on
the German mainland. The commission on FMD had been set up with
the aim of producing a vaccine to prevent the disease, and Loeffler and
Froschtook lymph fluid fromvesicles caused by FMD andproceededto
filter the material through bacteria-proof filter candles in the hope that
the infectious material would be retained, leaving behind an anti-toxin
whichcouldbeusedtoconferpassiveimmunity tohealthyanimals.
They were amazed when inoculated calves developed characteristic
disease symptoms, and they were able to show that something had
passed through the filter candles which was able to multiply in the in-
fected animals. Loeffler and Froschpublishedtheir findings in foursep-
arate documents and a summary between 17 April 1897 and 12 August
1898, whichwere sent to the Minister of Culture. Inthe first report they
stated,“Eventhetrialresultsshowreliably thatabacteriumwhichgrows
on a conventional substrate cannot be the etiological agent in FMD”.
The second report claimed that immunization against FMD was possi-
ble, and in the third report they concluded that the FMD agent “was
small enoughtopass throughthe pores of a filter which is impermeable
to the tiniest known bacteria, so small, that even the best modern im-
mersionsystemrenderstheagentunidentifiableunderourmicroscope”,
which constituted the first description of a virus disease of animals
(Loeffler and Frosch 1897, 1898). This was after D.I. Ivanovski had
shown that the agent of tobacco mosaic disease would pass through a
bacteria-prooffiltercandle,(Ivanovski1892)butbeforeBeijerinckdevel-