Food Technology

132 Pages·2002·10.541 MB·English

by  Anita Tull

Anita Tull
an introduction
OXFORD

/ 8A/£
an introduction
Anita Tull
OXfORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD Acknowledgements
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BARNFfELD COLLEGE"
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CONTENTS
ACCESSION
^2<o ( 02
CLASS
A note for teachers 4
A note for students 5
iir .lifrawVlIlii'nt'*i if’’TT''’*1 '*
Introduction Unit 6 Using ICT to support making
What is food technology? 6 Food labelling 70
The design process 8 Food packaging 74
Project: Novelty cake-making 12 Project: Food for teenagers 80
Project: Advertising food to children 82
Unit 1 Understanding ingredients
Organizing your practical work 14 Unit 7 Producing batches
Food science 16 Production systems 84
Foods to suit different needs 19 Project: Batch production 87
Food production and the environment 22
Project: Salads 26 "“The world of professional designers
Project: Soups 28 Developing new products 88
Project: Authentic ready-made meals 91
Unit 2 Designing and making for yoprSelff
Designing food products 30 Unit 9 Selecting ingredients
Carrying out surveys and questionnaires 92
Processing and cooking food 32
Sampling food products 94
Keeping food products safe to eat 34
Project: Special diets 98
Project: Keeping fit and healthy 38
Project: Food production in a hospital 100
Project: Snack foods 40
Unit 10 Designing for markets
Unit 3 "Using ICT to support research and designing
Production systems 104
Organizing and presenting project work
Buying food 108
Carrying out research
Storing food 112
Project: Foods from around the world
Project: Mini-enterprise: starting a small
Project: Sports drinks
food business 116
Project: Bread batch production 120
Unit 4 Exploring ingredients x
Nutrition
Unit 11 Using ICT to link to the world outside school
Presenting food products
Working in a group or team 122
Project: Feeding pre-school children
Project: ICT activity 124
Project: Rice
1
.
Unit 5 Designing for clients
Equipment used in food production
Project: Adapting food products
A,
A note for teachers
This book contains a variety of suggested food technology
projects. They range in complexity from topics about single foods
to projects where students are required to apply the design
process to broader situations in the food industry
» Most projects include a practical element, which in most cases
can be adapted to suit the constraints of time and available
facilities.
> Guidelines for research are provided, but these are by no means
exhaustive, so students need to be encouraged to develop their
own research techniques.
» The first few projects provide a fairly detailed framework for
students to follow, so that they understand how to approach and
undertake future projects.
» Some projects give information about the topic, to set the scene
for students so that they have a starting point on which to base
their own research.
» Where appropriate, more than one brief is given, in order to
show a variety of ways of approaching a topic.
5
A note for students
Throughout this book there are ideas for projects that let you
explore food technology in greater depth. The first ones show you
step-by-step how to produce a successful project. Some of the
dopids are more detailed than others, and your teacher will help
you decide which ones to try.
Whichever project you try, remember these points:
» try to present your written and practical work in a neat, clear
and interesting way
» when finding out about a topic, ask questions, look, listen, read
and think about what you find out
> when someone reads your project, they should be able to learn
something from it
» enjoy yourself!
What is food technology?
Food technology is the study of how different foods can be used
By die enc : : ;h . . . :.
and made into food products.
csi;:x-:c:
Before they are ready to be sold in the shops, food products go
Understand what food technology
means. through a series of tests and studies to make sure that they are:
Identify the different parts of the » safe to eat
food industry. > good to eat
Identify some of the effects that the » easy to use
food industry has on people and
i well packaged
places.
» a reasonable price
In this book we will be finding out how new food products are
designed and made and how the food industry provides us with
our daily food.
The food industry
The food industry is very large and includes:
i food producers (people who grow food)
i food manufacturers (people who make food products)
» food distributors (people who supply foods to shops, restaurants,
schools, hospitals)
i food retailers (people who sell food)
» food providers (people who cook and sell food in restaurants,
canteens, etc.)
Food producers grow food. Food manufacturers make food Food providers cook and sell food,
products.
WHAT SS FOOD TECHNOLOGY?
People have been growing, making and selling food to other people
for hundreds of years, but it was during the 20th century that the
food industry became very large. Why did this happen? What were
the consequences of the growth of the food industry?
Why did this happen? What were the consequences?
governments encouraged farmers many foods became cheaper and >- environmental damage
to grow more food easier for people to buy big changes to the countryside
' (loss of hedgerows, ponds and
woodland and other natural
, j*'-'
habitats for wildlife)
transport by land, sea and air people travelled abroad and tried >- foreign restaurants opened
became easier food from other countries foreign foods sold in shops
food grown in one country could > some foods, e.g. strawberries,
be sent to another country and could be eaten all year round
arrive there in good condition
people used cars to buy their food > air pollution and less exercise
from supermarkets for people
growth of technology food could be grown and > fewer people needed to work
harvested on a large scale using on farms
machinery
new food products were invented, >• people had more choice
e.g. low-fat spreads, breakfast
cereals, instant puddings
new ways of preventing food from >- food shopping needed to be
'going off' (preserving food) could done less often
be used, e.g. UHT milk, frozen
foods, vacuum packaging
1 List the food producers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and
providers in the local area (a telephone directory will help you).
2 Write down why you think some of the food shops, restaurants,
factories or warehouses in your area have been built in certain places.
For example, are they:
near a motorway or airport?
in a town centre near offices and other shops?
in a housing estate?
near a river or the sea?
3 What effects do you think the following might have on the local
environment:
a) an out-of-town supermarket
b)
a high-street take-away burger bar
c) a meat pie factory near a housing estate
d) a large wheat field growing by a river?
INTRODUCTION
The design process
The series of tests and studies that all new food products go
By the end of this section/you should
through before they are ready to be sold is called the design
be able to:
process. All new products, including cars, toys, kitchen
Understand what the design process
is. equipment, medicines, and so on, go through a similar process.
Identify the different stages of the There are several stages in the design process for food products.
design process. A food manufacturer may repeat some stages when designing a
Explain why it is important for a food new food product.
manufacturer to work through the
design process when producing a Stage 1: Ss a new product needed?
new food product.
This can be called ‘establishing a need’. There are several reasons
why a manufacturer might think a new product is needed:
» a customer might ask for a new product
ft research (finding out) may suggest a new product is needed
ft there may be a problem with an existing product, so it needs to
be changed
I there may be changes in the types of food people want to eat, for
example, they may want foods with less fat or sugar in them
To find out more about whether a new product is needed, the
manufacturer might carry out some market research. Market
researchers will find out about the people who they think might
A market researcher conducts an
interview with a member of the public. buy the product and about similar products that are available:
About people About food products
why people buy certain food products ft how they are made
how people live (their lifestyle) » what they look, smell, taste and feel like
how much money they spend on food ft what happens when they are frozen, cooked in a microwave
ft how much cooking they do at home oven, baked, and so on
how often they eat out in restaurants ft how well their packaging works (is it easy to read and open, does
how much notice they take of food it protect the food?)
issues, e.g. healthy eating advice, ft are they suitable for vegetarians, people with allergies, babies,
where and how food is grown, and so on?
food advertising, damage to the ft do they meet people's needs, e.g. are they easy to prepare and
environment, animal welfare use and healthy, are the portion sizes suitable?
To find out such information, market researchers use a variety of
methods, for example:
> Interviews with people, in which they are asked questions from
a survey or questionnaire. This might be done through the post,
on the telephone, or face to face in the street.
> Sampling similar food products to the one being designed, and
giving opinions about the products and marks for flavour, colour,
Testers carry out sensory analysis.
shape, packaging, and so on. This is called sensory analysis.