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Food Security UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU- WIDER) was established by the United Nations University as its first research and training centre and started work in Helsinki, Finland in 1985.Thepurposeoftheinstituteistoundertakeappliedresearchand policy analysis on structural changes affecting developing and transi- tionaleconomies,toprovideaforumfortheadvocacyofpolicieslead- ing to robust, equitable, and environmentally sustainable growth, and topromotecapacitystrengtheningandtraininginthefieldofeconomic andsocialpolicymaking.Itsworkiscarriedoutbystaffresearchersand visiting scholars in Helsinki and via networks of collaborating scholars andinstitutionsaroundtheworld. World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) Kata- janokanlaituri6B,FIN-00160Helsinki,Finland.www.wider.unu.edu Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations leads inter- nationaleffortstodefeathunger.Servingbothdevelopedanddevelop- ing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information. FAO helps developing countries and countriesintransitionmodernizeandimproveagriculture,forestry,and fisheriespracticesandensuregoodnutritionforall.Sinceitsfoundingin 1945,FAOhasfocusedspecialattentionondevelopingruralareas,home to 70 percent of the world’s poor and hungry people. FAO’s activities comprisefourmainareas: (cid:1) Puttinginformationwithinreach (cid:1) Sharingpolicyexpertise (cid:1) Providingameetingplacefornations (cid:1) Bringingknowledgetothefield. Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), established in 1969 promotessocialscienceresearchinIndia.ICSSRsupportstwenty-seven researchinstitutesinIndiaengagedinmulti-disciplinaryresearch.ICSSR is the nodal agency for implementing the social science component of the Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs) signed between the Gov- ernment of India and other countries, and with foreign counterparts outsideCEPs,foractivitiesliketheexchangeofscholars,jointseminars, and research projects. ICSSR is a member of the International Social Science Council (ISSC)—Paris, the Association of Asian Social Science Research Council (AASSREC), Science Council of Asia—Japan, and the International Federation of Social Sciences Organizations (IFSSO). Col- laborative ties have also been established with UNU-WIDER and the OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD). Food Security Indicators, Measurement, and the Impact of Trade Openness Edited by Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis, Shabd S. Acharya, and Benjamin Davis UNU-WIDER Studies in Development Economics 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein OxfordNewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork ©UnitedNationsUniversity–WorldInstituteforDevelopmentEconomic Research(UNU-WIDER),2007 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2007 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn,Norfolk ISBN 978–0–19–923655–8 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Foreword As many as 2.8 million children and 300,000 women die needlessly every year because of malnutrition in developing countries. Despite the enormity of the problem, and even though reducing hunger is one of the Millen- nium Development Goals (MDGs), hunger and food security receive less attention than poverty reduction from both a policy and research perspec- tive. The lack of action in the fight against hunger may have arisen from a belief that success in poverty reduction, resulting from market-driven economic development, would automatically take care of the problem of hunger.However,thisthinkingdoesnottakeintoaccountthreepoints:first, povertyreductiontakestime,whilethehungryneedimmediaterelief;second, the means to feed everyone are readily and cheaply available; and third, hunger is as much a cause as an effect of poverty. Unless action is taken to reduce hunger directly, progress in cutting poverty will be slow. More- over, a substantial and sustainable reduction in hunger will greatly improve the chances of meeting not only the MDGs related to poverty reduction, but also those related to education, child mortality, maternal health, and disease. Thisvolumebringstogetheramajorcollectionofstudiesfocusingonsome under-researchedareasoffoodsecuritybothatthenationalaswellashouse- holdandindividuallevels.Thestudiesarisefromatwo-yearprojectentitled ‘HungerandFoodSecurity’,undertakenbyUNU-WIDERincollaborationwith the Indian Council of Social Science Research and the Food and Agriculture OrganizationoftheUnitedNations. The studies point out that high growth rates in some developing countries may make headlines, but they are not consonant with rates at which nutritionstatusisimproving(ifatall).Thiscallsformoreefficiently targeted interventions by the state. Women’s status matters tremendously for child- health, hence gender issues require more attention. At the macro level, freer agricultural trade tends to increase import dependence for food for some countries.Atthemicrolevel,itraisestheriskexposureofsmallfarmers,which hasanegativeimpactontheirnutritionstatus. The target audience for this volume is broad, encompassing staff from international organizations and policymakers interested in policy-relevant v Foreword results on malnutrition, targeting, and measuring the impact of trade lib- eralization, through to researchers from various disciplines linked with development. AnthonyShorrocks Director,UNU-WIDER vi Acknowledgements ThisvolumeistheresultofajointprojectmeetingbetweenUNU-WIDERand the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), with research contri- butions from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The editors are grateful to Adam Swallow, Publications Assistant at UNU-WIDER,forhisinvaluablesupportinpreparingthemanuscript,andalso wishtothankLiisaRoponenforherhelp.UNU-WIDERthankstheICSSRfor itsfinancialinputs,andtheInstituteofDevelopmentStudies(IDS–Jaipur)for hostingthefirstprojectworkshopinMarch2005. UNU-WIDERacknowledgesthefinancialcontributionstotheresearchpro- grammebythegovernmentsofDenmark(RoyalMinistryofForeignAffairs), Finland (Ministry for Foreign Affairs), Norway (Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs),Sweden(SwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency— Sida)andtheUnitedKingdom(DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment— DfID). vii This page intentionally left blank Contents ListofFigures xi ListofTables xii ListofAcronymsandAbbreviations xvii NotesonContributors xxi 1. Introduction 1 BasudebGuha-Khasnobis,ShabdS.Acharya,andBenjaminDavis Part I Issuesin Measurementand the Quantitative Analysis ofFoodSecurity 2. MeasuringFoodSecurityUsingRespondents’PerceptionofFood ConsumptionAdequacy 13 MauroMigotto,BenjaminDavis,CalogeroCarletto,andKathleenBeegle 3. MeasuresofFoodInsecurityattheHouseholdLevel 42 IndranilDuttaandCraigGundersen 4. Tomorrow’sHunger:AFrameworkforAnalysingVulnerabilityto FoodSecurity 62 ChristianRomerLøvendalandMarcoKnowles 5. Women’sStatusandChildren’sFoodSecurityinPakistan 95 BasudebGuha-KhasnobisandGautamHazarika 6. TheChangingPatternofUndernutritioninIndia:AComparative AnalysisAcrossRegions 109 BrindaViswanathanandJ.V.Meenakshi 7. FoodSecurityinVietnamDuringthe1990s:TheEmpiricalEvidence 129 VascoMolini 8. MeasuringtheEfficacyofTargetedSchemes:PublicWorks ProgrammesinIndia 150 NilabjaGhoshandBasudebGuha-Khasnobis ix

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1. Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis, Shabd S. Acharya, and Benjamin Davis. Part I Issues in Measurement and the Quantitative. Analysis of Food Security. 2.