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J0* °>* NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-155 S * *TES 0* Food of Northwest Atlantic Fishes and Two Common Species of Squid SH Recent Issues 105. ReviewofAmericanLobster(Homarusamericanus)HabitatRequirementsandResponsestoContaminantExposures. ByReneeMercaldo-AltenandCatherineA. Kuropat. July 1994. v+52p.,29tables. NTIS Access.No. PB96-115555. 106. Selected LivingResources,HabitatConditions,and Human PerturbationsoftheGulfofMaine: Environmental and Ecological Considerations for Fishery Management. By Richard W. Langton, John B. Pearce, and Jon A. Gibson, eds. August 1994. iv + 70p., 2 figs.,6tables. NTISAccess.No. PB95-270906. — 107. InvertebrateNeoplasia: InitiationandPromotion Mechanisms Proceedingsofan InternationalWorkshop,23June 1992,Washington, D.C. ByA. Rosenfield,F.G. Kern,andB.J. Keller, comps. & eds. September 1994. v+31 p., 8 figs., 3 tables. NTISAccess. No. PB96-164801. 108. Status ofFishery Resources offthe Northeastern United States for 1994. By Conservation and Utilization Division, NortheastFisheriesScienceCenter. January 1995. iv+ 140p., 71 figs., 75tables. NTISAccess.No. PB95-263414. 109. Proceedings ofthe Symposium on the Potential for DevelopmentofAquaculture in Massachusetts: 15-17 February & 1995,Chatham/Edgartown/Dartmouth,Massachusetts. ByCarlosA. CastroandScottJ. Soares,comps. eds. January 1996. v+26p., 1 fig., 2tables. NTISAccess.No. PB97-103782. 110. Length-LengthandLength-WeightRelationshipsfor13SharkSpeciesfromtheWesternNorthAtlantic. ByNancyE. Kohler, JohnG. Casey, PatriciaA.Turner. May 1996. iv +22 p., 4 figs., 15 tables. NTISAccess.No. PB97-135032. 111. Reviewand Evaluation ofthe 1994 Experimental Fishery in Closed Area IIon Georges Bank. By PatriciaA. Gerrior, FredricM.Serchuk,KathleenC.Mays,JohnF.Kenney,andPeterD.Colosi. October1996. v+52p.,24figs.,20tables. NTIS Access.No. PB98-119159. 112. Data Description and Statistical Summaryofthe 1983-92 Cost-Earnings Data Base for Northeast U.S. Commercial FishingVessels:AGuidetoUnderstandingandUseoftheDataBase. ByAmyB.GautamandAndrewW.Kitts. December 1996. v+21 p., 11 figs., 14tables. NTISAccess.No. PB97-169320. 113. IndividualVessel Behaviorin the NortheastOtterTrawl Fleetduring 1982-92. By BarbaraPollard Rountree. August 1997. v+ 50p., 1 fig.,40tables. NTISAccess.No. PB99-169997. 114. U.S.Atlanticand GulfofMexico Marine MammalStockAssessments- 1996. ByGordonT. Waring, DebraL. Palka, KeithD.Mullin,JamesH.W.Hain,LarryJ. Hansen,andKathrynD.Bisack. October 1997. viii+250p.,42figs.,47tables. NTIS Access. No. PB98-112345. 115. StatusofFisheryResourcesofftheNortheastern United Statesfor 1998. ByStephenH. Clark,ed. September 1998. vi + 149p., 70 figs., 80tables. NTIS Access.No. PB99-129694. 116. U.S. Atlantic Marine Mammal Stock Assessments- 1998. By Gordon T. Waring, DebraL. Palka, PhillipJ. Clapham, StevenSwartz,MarjorieC.Rossman,TimothyV.N.Cole,KathrynD.Bisack,andLarryJ.Hansen. February 1999. vii+ 182 p., 16 figs., 56tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-134140. 1 17. ReviewofDistributionoftheLong-finnedPilotWhale(Globicephalamelas)intheNorthAtlanticand Mediterranean. ByAlanA.Abend andTimD. Smith. April 1999. vi +22p., 14 figs., 3 tables. NTISAccess.No. PB99-165029. 118. Iautog(Tautogaonitis)LifeHistoryandHabitatRequirements. ByFrankW.SteimleandPatriciaA.Shaheen. May 1999. vi +23 p., 1 fig., 1 table. NTISAccess.No. PB99-165011. 119. Data Needs for EconomicAnalysis ofFishery Management Regulations. By Andrew W. Kittsand Scott R. Steinback. August 1999. iv +48 p., 10figs., 22tables. NTISAccess.No. PB99-171456. 120. Marine Mammal Research Program oftheNortheastFisheriesScienceCenterduring 1990-95. ByJaneenM. Quintal andTim D. Smith. September 1999. v+ 28 p.,4tables,4 app. NTIS Access.No. PB2000-100809. // /til NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-155 This report series represents a secondary level of scientifiic publishing. All issues employ thorough internal scientific review; some issues employ external scientific review. By design, reviews are transparent collegial reviews, not anonymous peer reviews. All issues may be cited in formal scientific communications. r*»£NTOF Food of Northwest Atlantic Fishes and Two Common Species of Squid Ray E. Bowman1,2 Charles E. Stillwell3 William L. Michaels1 , , , and Marvin D. Grosslein14 'Woods Hole Lab., National Marine Fisheries Serv., 166 WaterSt., Woods Hole, MA 02543 'CurrentAddress: 38 Hilltop Rd., Mashpee, MA 02649 "Deceased] NarragansettLab., NationalMarine Fisheries Serv., 28 TarzwellDr., Narragansett, Rl 02882 CurrentAddress: 23 FairwayLn., WestFalmouth, MA 02540 cQ j m ! o~ I S ru xZ ! __D ! a D %*_ I DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE m- I U. S. II imHDI William M. Daley, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Penelope D. Dalton, AssistantAdministratorfor Fisheries Northeast Region Northeast Fisheries Science Center Woods Massachusetts Hole, January 2000 Note on Names Species TheNMFSNortheastRegion'spolicyontheuseofspeciesnamesinalltechnicalcommunicationsisgenerally tofollow theAmericanFisheriesSociety'slistsofscientificandcommonnamesforfishes{i.e.,Robinsetal. 1991a),mollusks(/'.e., Turgeon et al. 1998b), and decapod crustaceans (i.e., Williams et al. 1989c), and to follow the Society for Marine Mammalogy's guidance on scientific and common names formarine mammals (i.e., Rice 1998d). Exceptions to this policyoccurwhentherearesubsequentcompellingrevisionsintheclassificationsofspecies,resultinginchangesinthe names ofspecies (e.g., Cooperand Chapleau 1998e). "Robins,CR (chair);Bailey,RM ;Bond,CE ;Brooker,JR.;Lachner,EA ;Lea,R.N.;Scott,W B 1991 Commonandscientificnamesoffishes fromthe UnitedStatesandCanada 5thed. Amer. Fish Soc Spec Publ 20; 183 p. "•RTousregenobne,rgD,DG..;(cRhoatirh),;BQ.u;inSnc,heJl.tF.e,maJr,.;A.B;ogTahno,mAp.sEo.n;,CoFa.Gn.,;EV.eVc.c;hHioocnheb,erMg,; FW.iGl.l;iaLmyso,nsJ,DW.G1.9;98MikkCeolmsemno,nP.aMn.d;Nsceiveensti,fiRc.Jn.;amReospero,fCaq.uFa.tEic; invertebratesfromthe UnitedStatesandCanada: mollusks. 2nded. Amer Fish Soc Spec. Publ 26, 526p ^Williams,A.B.(chair);Abele,L.G.; Felder, D.L.;Hobbs,H.H.,Jr.; Manning,R.B.; McLaughlin, PA; Pe>ez Farfante, I. 1989. Commonand scientificnamesofaquatic invertebratesfromtheUnitedStatesandCanada: decapodcrustaceans. Amer Fish Soc. Spec Publ. 17;77 p JRice,D.W 1998. Marinemammalsoftheworld: systematicsanddistribution Soc Mar Mammal Spec Publ. 4;231 p. "Cooper,J.A ;Chapleau,F 1998 MonophylyandinterrelationshipsofthefamilyPleuronectidae(Pleuronectiformes),witharevisedclassification Fish Bull (US)96:686-726. Page iii Contents Abstract v Taxonomic IndexofFishandSquidSpeciesSampled, IncludingforEachSpeciestheNumberofStomachsExamined, Percentage ofStomachs Found Empty, and Associated Appendix TableNumber vii Alphabetic IndexofFishand Squid Species Sampled, IncludingforEach SpeciestheGeographic Areas Where Collected, Types ofData Listed, andAssociated AppendixTableNumber xi Introduction 1 Methods and Materials 1 Results and Observations 2 Acknowledgments 5 ReferencesCited 6 Tables Table 1. Percentage oftotal stomach contents by weight ofsix functional prey groups for 170 species offish and squid collected in the Northwest Atlantic 7 Table2. Percentage by weight offish component ofdiet ofpiscivores accordingto geographic area ofcollection 11 Table3. Percentage by weight ofsquid component ofdiet ofpredators which eat squid according to geographic areaofcollection 12 Table4. Percentage by weight ofpolychaete component ofdiet ofpredators which eat polychaetes according to geographic areaofcollection 13 Table5. Percentage by weight ofdecapod crustacean component ofdiet ofpredators which eat decapods according togeographic areaofcollection 14 Table6. Percentage by weight ofcrustaceans (other than decapods) in diet ofpredators which eat such crustaceans accordingto geographic area ofcollection 15 Table7. Percentage byweight ofall otherprey (thanthosenoted in Tables 2-6) in diet ofpredators accordingto geographic areaofcollection 16 Figure Figure 1. Delineation ofthe six principal offshoregeographic areas, and thetwo inshore areas referredto as inshore north ofCape Hatterasand inshore south ofCape Hatteras, surveyed bytheNEFSC during 1977-80 iv Appendices Appendix A. Overallprey of1 1 predatorswhichwere lightlysampledand/ornotwell represented incollections duringtheNEFSC's 1977-80bottomtrawlsurveys 17 AppendixB. Overall preyof60predatorswhichwere fullysampledandwell represented incollectionsduringthe NEFSC's 1977-80bottomtrawlsurveys 33 Page iv L J i I , I I Figure 1 Delineation ofthe six principal offshore geographic areas, and the two inshore areas referred to as inshore north ofCape Hatteras and inshore south ofCape Hatteras, surveyed by the NEFSC during 1977-80 (Bottom depth ofthe offshore areas ranges from 27 to 366 m, and ofthe inshore areas ranges from 8 to <27 m The inshore area north ofCape Hatteras extends from Cape Hatteras to the western portion ofthe Scotian Shelf The inshore area south ofCape Hatteras extends from Cape Hatteras to Cape Fear ) Page v ABSTRACT This paper provides a reference document for researchers interested in the types ofprey eaten by fishes and two common species ofsquids in continental shelfwaters offthe northeastern United States. The stomach contents of31,567 individualsrepresenting 180specieswereanalyzed. Collectionofspecimenswasprimarilybybottomtrawlorlonglineduring 1963-84. Mostofthesmaller-sizedfishspecies(i.e.,< 100cmlong)andthetwosquidspecieswerecollectedbybottomtrawl during 1977-80. Most ofthe apex predators, including the large sharks and tunas, and other large-sized species were collected by longline. Dietarydataareinitiallypresentedasasummarytablewhich listsforeachof170predatorstherelativecontribution ofsix major functional prey groups (i.e., fish, squid, polychaete, decapod crustacean, othercrustacean, and all other) to its diet. Such data are subsequently presented as summary tables which list for each ofthose six functional prey groups the predators involved and the relative contribution ofseven geographic areas (i.e., Middle Atlantic, Southern New England, Georges Bank, GulfofMaine, Scotian Shelf, inshorenorthofCape Hatteras, andsouthofCape Hatteras)toeachpredator's consumption ofthat functional preygroup. Also, appendixtables provide adetailed listingoftheoverall stomach contents foreach predatorspecies and, forselectedspecies, thestomachcontents accordingtopredatorsize, ortobothpredatorsize and geographic areaofcollection. Fifty-nine species fed primarily (i.e., >50% ofthe stomach contents by weight or volume) on fish and/or squid. Someofthemajorpiscivores(notlistedinanyparticularorder)wereAtlanticcod,silverhake,almostallofthesharks,winter skate, thorny skate, goosefish, white hake, bluefish, striped bass, weakfish, Atlantic bonito, little runny, searaven, Atlantic halibut,andsummerflounder. Common fishandsquidtakenasprey includednorthernsand lance,hakes,herrings,macker- els, butterfish, anchovies, scup, flatfishes, sculpins, longfin inshore squid, and northern shortfin squid. A variety ofprey groups other than fish and squid were important food for different predators. For example, polychaetes (mostly spionids, nereids, and nephtyids) were important constituents ofthe diet ofseven species. Decapod shrimp(e.g., Pandalusspp., Dichelopandalusleptocerus, andCrangonseptemspinosa)andcrabs(principallyCancerspp., Pagurusspp., and Ovalipesspp.)werethemainfoodof17 species. Crustaceansotherthandecapodshrimpandcrabsmade up a substantial portion ofthe stomach contents of32 species, and included prey such as copepods, amphipods, euphausi- ids,mysids, andstomatopods. Otherpreygroupssuchasechinoderms, bivalvemollusks, cnidarians, andtunicatesmade up mostofthe food of37 predators. Eighteen predator specieswere diverse feeders and didn't feed intensively on any one of the above-noted prey categories. Page vii Taxonomic Index (common and scientific names) of Fish and Squid Species Sampled, Including for Each Species the Number of Stomachs Examined, Percentage of Stomachs Found Empty, and Associated Appendix Table Number Stomachs Appendix Common Name Scientific Name No. % Empty Table No. CLASSCEPHALOPODA--SQUIDS ORDER TEUTHIDIDA Northern shortfin squid Page viii Taxonomic Index (cont.)