Food Insecurity, Vulnerability and Human Rights Failure

389 Pages·2007·1.38 MB·English

by  Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis

Food Insecurity,
Vulnerability and Human
Rights Failure
Edited by
Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis, Shabd S. Acharya
and Benjamin Davis
StudiesinDevelopmentEconomicsandPolicy
GeneralEditor:AnthonyShorrocks
UNU WORLD INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS RESEARCH (UNU-
WIDER) was established by the United Nations University as its first research and
training centre, and started work in Helsinki, Finland, in 1985. The purpose of the
Institute is to undertake applied research and policy analysis on structural changes
affecting the developing and transitional economies to provide a forum for the
advocacy of policies leading to robust, equitable and environmentally sustainable
growth,andtopromotecapacitystrengtheningandtraininginthefieldofeconomic
andsocialpolicy-making.Itsworkiscarriedoutbystaffresearchersandvisitingschol-
arsinHelsinkiandthroughnetworksofcollaboratingscholarsandinstitutionsaround
theworld.
UNUWorldInstituteforDevelopmentEconomicsResearch(UNU-WIDER),
Katajanokanlaituri6B,FIN-00160Helsinki,Finland
Titlesinclude:
TonyAddison,HenrikHansenandFinnTarp(editors)
DEBTRELIEFFORPOORCOUNTRIES
TonyAddisonandAlanRoe(editors)
FISCALPOLICYFORDEVELOPMENT
Poverty,ReconstructionandGrowth
GeorgeG.BorjasandJeffCrisp(editors)
POVERTY,INTERNATIONALMIGRATIONANDASYLUM
RicardoFfrench-DavisandStephanyGriffith-Jones(editors)
FROMCAPITALSURGESTODROUGHT
SeekingStabilityforEmergingEconomies
DavidFielding(editor)
MACROECONOMICPOLICYINTHEFRANCZONE
BasudebGuha-Khasnobis(editor)
THEWTO,DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESANDTHEDOHADEVELOPMENTAGENDA
ProspectsandChallengesforTrade-ledGrowth
BasudebGuha-Khasnobis,ShabdS.AcharyaandBenjaminDavis(editors)
FOODINSECURITY,VULNERABILITYANDHUMANRIGHTSFAILURE
BasudebGuha-KhasnobisandRaviKanbur(editors)
INFORMALLABOURMARKETSANDDEVELOPMENT
AiguoLuandManuelF.Montes(editors)
POVERTY,INCOMEDISTRIBUTIONANDWELL-BEINGINASIADURINGTHE
TRANSITION
GeorgeMavrotasandAnthonyShorrocks(editors)
ADVANCINGDEVELOPMENT
CoreThemesinGlobalEconomics
MarkMcGillivray(editor)
HUMANWELL-BEING
ConceptandMeasurement
MarkMcGillivray(editor)
INEQUALITY,POVERTYANDWELL-BEING
RobertJ.McIntyreandBrunoDallago(editors)
SMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESINTRANSITIONALECONOMIES
VladimirMikhalev(editor)
INEQUALITYANDSOCIALSTRUCTUREDURINGTHETRANSITION
E.WayneNafzigerandRaimoVäyrynen(editors)
THEPREVENTIONOFHUMANITARIANEMERGENCIES
MachikoNissankeandErikThorbecke(editors)
THEIMPACTOFGLOBALIZATIONONTHEWORLD’SPOOR
TransmissionMechanisms
MatthewOdedokun(editor)
EXTERNALFINANCEFORPRIVATESECTORDEVELOPMENT
AppraisalsandIssues
LaixiangSun(editor)
OWNERSHIPANDGOVERNANCEOFENTERPRISES
RecentInnovativeDevelopments
UNU-WIDER(editors)
WIDERPERSPECTIVESONGLOBALDEVELOPMENT
StudiesinDevelopmentEconomicsandPolicy
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Food Insecurity,
Vulnerability and Human
Rights Failure
Editedby
Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis
Shabd S. Acharya
and
Benjamin Davis
inassociationwiththePalgraveMacmillan
©UnitedNationsUniversity2007
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Contents
ListofTables,BoxesandFigures vii
ListofAbbreviations x
Acknowledgements xiii
NotesontheContributors xiv
Introduction xvii
Part I Vulnerability to Hunger: Causes and Remedies
1 National Food Policies Impacting on Food Security:
TheExperienceofaLargePopulatedCountry–India 3
ShabdS.Acharya
2 FoodSecurityintheSouthPacificIslandCountrieswithSpecial
ReferencetotheFijiIslands 35
K.L.Sharma
3 FoodSecurityintheSADCRegion:AnAssessmentofNational
TradeStrategyintheContextofthe2001–03FoodCrisis 58
AndrewCharmanandJamesHodge
4 OntheEdge:TheRoleofFood-basedSafetyNetsinHelping
VulnerableHouseholdsManageFoodInsecurity 82
LynnBrownandUgoGentilini
5 ThePublicDistributionSystemsofFoodgrainsandImplications
forFoodSecurity:AComparisonoftheExperiencesofIndia
andChina 106
Zhang-YueZhouandGuanghuaWan
Part II Gender and Hunger: The Links
6 Gender, HIV/AIDS and Rural Livelihoods: Micro-level
InvestigationsinThreeAfricanCountries 131
JohnCurry,EstherWiegers,AlessandraGarbero,ShannonStokes
andJohnHourihan
7 Gender,LocalKnowledgeandLessonsLearntinDocumenting
andConservingAgrobiodiversity 161
YiannaLambrouandReginaLaub
v
vi Contents
8 GenderDifferentiationintheAnalysisofAlternativeFarm
MechanizationChoicesonSmallFarmsinKenya 194
JullietWanjiku,JohnUhuruManyengo,WillisOluoch-Kosura
andJosephT.Karugia
9 WomenandFoodSecurityinSouthAsia:CurrentIssuesand
EmergingConcerns 219
NiraRamachandran
PartIII HungerasEntitlementFailure:TheRighttoFood
10 Entitlement Failure from a Food Quality Perspective:
The Life and Death Role of Vitamins and Minerals
inHumanitarianCrises 243
PatrickWebbandAndrewThorne-Lyman
11 The Right to Food as a Fundamental Human Right:
FAO’sExperience 266
IsabellaRae,JulianThomasandMargretVidar
12 RealizingtheRighttoFoodinSouthAsia 286
PradeepBhargavaandManjuBalana
13 The Rights-based Approach to Development:
LessonsfromtheRighttoFoodMovementinIndia 308
BasudebGuha-KhasnobisandS.Vivek
Index 329
List of Tables, Boxes and Figures
Tables
1.1 ProductionoffoodgrainsinIndia 7
1.2 CompoundgrowthratesofproductionofcerealsinIndia 8
1.3 ProductionofotherfoodproductsinIndia 10
1.4 IncidenceofpovertyinIndia 11
1.5 Shareofgovernmentpurchasesintotaloutputofriceand
wheat 13
1.6 MajorinputsubsidiesinIndianagriculture 16
1.7 Farminputsubsidiesaccordingtofarmsize,2000–1 17
1.8 Crop-wisesubsidyinIndianagriculture,2000–1 17
1.9 FoodsubsidyinIndia 24
2.1 Demographic characteristics of the South Pacific island
countries 36
2.2 Foodandagricultureproductionindices,1991–2002 40
2.3 Production,importsandexportsofcereals,rootsandtubers 41
2.4 Pacificislands’importdependenceoncereals,andthedegree
ofglobalization,1991–2002 44
2.5 RelativeimportanceofforeigntradeofthePacificislands,2003 46
2.6 Merchandisetrade,valueofimportsandexportsof
agriculture and food products (US$100,000), trienniums
1991–2002 48
2.7 Shareofagricultureandfoodproductsintradeandfinancing
offoodimports,trienniums1991–2002 49
2.8 Poverty estimates, rural population, employment and
performanceofagriculturesectorinselectedPacificisland
countries 53
3.1 Countryaveragefoodconsumption(percapitaannually),
1991–2001 63
3.2 SADCappliedcerealtariffs,2003 67
3.3 Domesticcerealgap(tonnes),2001–02 71
3.4 HIV/AIDSstatus(peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSin2001) 72
3.5 MaximumCFFloansandcerealimportrequirementsforSADC 75
4.1 Foodversuscash 95
5.1 GovernmentsubsidyonfoodgrainconsumptioninIndia 109
5.2 GovernmentsubsidyonfoodgrainconsumptioninChina 110
vii
viii ListofTables,BoxesandFigures
5.3 CostsandissuepricesofwheatandriceinIndia,1991–2003 112
5.4 Actualfoodgrainstocks(wheatandrice)andminimumbuffer
norms,India 117
5.5 Shares of social security expenditure and foodgrain
subsidy out of total government expenditure
(atcurrentprices) 122
6.1 Selectedpopulationanddemographiccharacteristicsofstudy
countries,2001 135
6.2 Significanthumancapitalandnaturalcapitalindicatorsfor
thefourstudies 140
6.3 Significant physical/financial capital and food security
indicatorsforsamplehouseholdsinthefourstudies 146
8.1 Householdcharacteristicsdifferentiatedbygender 202
8.2 Meannumberoflivestockownedbydifferenthouseholds 202
8.3 Landtenuresystemsdifferentiatedbygenderinpercentages 203
8.4 Meanfamilyandhiredlabouravailableforfarmwork,by
gender 204
8.5 Accesstocreditandinformation(%) 205
8.6 Mechanizationmethodsused,byhouseholds(%) 206
8.7 Factorsinfluencingchoiceofmechanizationmethodsforthe
wholesample 207
8.8 Factorsinfluencingchoiceofmechanizationmethodsamong
themarriedmale-headedhouseholds 208
8.9 Factorsinfluencingchoiceofmechanizationmethodsamong
singlemale-headedhouseholds 209
8.10 Factorsinfluencingchoiceofmechanizationmethodsamong
thedejurefemale-headedhouseholds 210
8.11 Factorsinfluencingchoiceofmechanizationmethodsamong
thedefactofemale-headedhousehold 211
8.12 Factorsinfluencingchoiceofmechanizationmethodsamong
male-headedhouseholds(widowers) 212
8.13 Means of different technology attributes preferred by
households 212
8.14 Technologyattributesinfluencingchoiceofmechanizationin
thewholesample 213
8.15 Technologyattributesinfluencingchoiceofmechanization
methodsdifferentiatedbygender(multinomiallogitMLE) 214
9.1 Inter-regionalcomparisons 221
9.2 Inter-countrycomparisons 221
9.3 FemaleemploymentbysectorinSouthAsiancountries,
1991–99 223
9.4 Estimatedwagedifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen(PPP
US$),2001 228
ListofTables,BoxesandFigures ix
9.5 Gender specific wage rates for agricultural and
non-agriculturaloccupationsinIndia,1999–2000 229
12.1 Growthincerealproduction,dependenceonimportsand
totalcalorieavailabilityinsouthAsiancountries,1970–2000 288
12.2 ShareofthepopulationlivinginpovertyinIndia,1999–2000 289
12.3 TrendsinfoodpovertyincidenceinPakistan(%) 289
12.4 Lifeexpectancy,GNPpercapitaandunder-5mortalityin
SouthAsia 290
12.5 Distributionofnutritionalstatusofadultsasindicatedby
BMI(%) 291
12.6 Averagecalorieintakeandcopingstrategiesduringthe1998
floods,Bangladesh 294
12.7 ImpactofdroughtinRajasthan,India 295
12.8 UnemploymentinIndia(%) 298
Boxes
7.1 AnticipatedbeneficiariesoftheLinKSproject 184
11.1 Article25UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights 267
11.2 Article11InternationalCovenantonEconomic,Socialand
CulturalRights 268
11.3 GeneralComment12 270
11.4 Article2.1InternationalCovenantonEconomic,Socialand
CulturalRights 271
12.1 Themeansofparticipation,expressionandassociation:
lessonsforpublichearings(jansunvai) 302
13.1 InterimOrderof28November2001:Highlights 309
Figures
3.1 Cerealandnon-cerealfoodaid,1991–2001 69
4.1 Theevolutionofthinkingaboutfoodinsecurity 83
4.2 Dimensionsofvulnerability 85
4.3 Riskmanagementandincomeprofiles 88
4.4 Globalwheatfoodaiddeliveriesandwheatprices,1990–2001 93
5.1 QuantityoffoodgrainsdistributedthroughPDS 116