Food and the Immune System: Molecular Mechanisms and Nutritional Relevance in Health and Disease

256 Pages·2022·2.839 MB·English

by  Christopher Beermann

Christopher Beermann
Food and
the Immune
System
Molecular Mechanisms and Nutritional
Relevance in Health and Disease
Food and the Immune System
Christopher Beermann
Food and the
Immune System
Molecular Mechanisms and Nutritional Relevance in
Health and Disease
Christopher Beermann
Food Technology
Fulda University of Applied Sciences
Fulda, Hessen, Germany
ISBN 978-3-031-11522-6 ISBN 978-3-031-11523-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11523-3
This book is a fully-revised and adapted translation of the original German edition
„Lebensmittel-Immunologie“ by Beermann, Christopher, published by Springer-Verlag
GmbH, DE in 2019. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence
(machine translation by the service DeepL.com). The author’s family has subsequently
revised the text further in an endeavour to refine the work stylistically. Springer Nature
works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and
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Nature Switzerland AG 2023
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V
innateimmunity (peripheraltissues) adaptive immunity(lymphfollicles)
exogenousantigens microbialandchemicalbarriercellularbarrier endogenousantigens immunogenrecognitionandimmune responseactivation-- mmnogscecaernounaoccomtsaenmrrrecoeieoaurtppempfyuppteplcmnfiohotnlthlprehcereetmrhcaateaaiiyecsoemmlmyeglig ts,ucp ttergo lekoeoeetioigtnncgarnsisicnncrcrlydtrr,olleayita eeoyt ectmc rgcntnsitrlbsoeseeloee uuayescyicsllasnllslslnylsoole:sssttlttc cele,c:elyysmsemttelelsss, transitionfromtheinnatetotheadaptive immune reaction maenstcisebelolnsdgieesr antigenrecognitionandactivationofthespecificdefenceresponseorimmune tolerance B lTyCBmmi rda DmlTcelyceaeynpyh4gtmynamnmdhtt1co+uitdonogtipoy,lpluraTTiteacteihtgotTthihtnoB yroitnboxchiehoo2atx oot iecloefnrcccyno,pinlcTysyelmdo yr,cpxTp/ht letT moyTglepeeies9p rcsrl hfi,reley,esl ceiamTyommgsrnslmmeansymchetedeacmemyltc1ipaoicnmp7mutermnmhecarrpehl,tcogyls oboutasohetTopti licrctlorcioahmhcoyaioyyee2oscnaynt2tnocltlcygiten llioesescrete,s eys:nlslcllsssells restriction,resolutionandterminationoftheimmune reaction
2.chapter 3.chapter 4.chapter 5.chapter 6.chapter
barrierdefences innateimmunity adaptive immunity clonalphase resolution
antimicrobialagents lectins antigenicand micro-and eicosanoidprecursors
pre-undprobiotics antioxidants allergenicagents macronutrients oxygenaseinhibitors
anti-adhesiveagents
VII
A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple
system that worked.—A complex system can fail in an infinite number of
ways.
John Gall 1975, Systemantics: How Systems Really Work and How They
Fail
IX
Preface
Nutrition is an important environmental factor for the maturation and
function of the human immune system and essential for maintaining
immunological homeostasis. Based on this, a wide variety of food appli-
cations with medicinal claims in the field of immunology are being gen-
erated by food manufacturers worldwide to expand the market potential
of products and enable interesting linkages with other market segments,
such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. However, besides the health ben-
efits, active principles of such components often remain unexplored in the
application.
Immunology is a very vibrant life science. New findings and an
ever-increasing amount of detail make it difficult to see the interrelation-
ships within the immunological defense phases. Therefore, this textbook
discusses the specific interactions of food ingredients on the immune sys-
tem along the entire immune defense response, starting from the immune
barrier, through the innate and adaptive immune response, to active lim-
itation and termination. All major mechanisms of immune defense are
addressed, and various biochemical-molecular, cellular-regulatory, and
genetic interactions of components of our diet are discussed exempla-
rily on the relevant aspects of defense reactions in each case. Exemplary
disease patterns, related to the respective subject area, underline the rele-
vance of nutritive factors as the cause of various pathogeneses and reveal
possible intervention strategies for this. In addition to the main topic of
each chapter, further digressions provide insights into associated aspects
of food technology. Concise summaries of the chapters, lists of immu-
noactive food components, and a glossary of technical terms also distin-
guish this book as a reference work.
This textbook offers an aid to understanding the variety of functional
food components and their mechanisms of influence on immunological
reactions, without intending to be a nutritional or dietary guide. Thus,
I would like to address all those who want to gain an overview of the
molecular mechanisms of action and of the diverse application concepts
of immunologically active foods.
Christopher Beermann
Fulda, Germany
XI
Acknowledgements
My special thanks for the critical review of the manuscript go to
Prof. Dr. med. Luis Filgueira, Faculty of Natural and Medical Sciences,
Anatomy, University of Fribourg, Switzerland and my wife, Dipl.-Biol.
Alexandra Beermann.
My dear husband, our dear father, unfortunately passed away much
too soon. One week before his decease, he concluded the preparations for
the completion of this edition of his textbook. Thus, it is an honor for us
as a family to fulfill his intellectual and scientific legacy as a mission, and
to pass on his knowledge to you, in friendly cooperation with the pub-
lisher.
Immortality is not a gift, Immortality is an achievement; And only those who
strive mightily Shall possess it.
Edgar Lee Masters 1915, Spoon River Anthology
XIII
Disclaimer
This book is not a nutritional medical guide. The author assumes no
legal responsibility or liability for the use or application for the informa-
tion given in this book. The contents presented here are intended solely
for neutral information and general further education. They do not con-
stitute a recommendation or advertisement of the diagnostic methods,
treatments, or drugs described or mentioned. The text makes no claim to
completeness, nor can the timeliness, accuracy, and balance of the infor-
mation presented be guaranteed. The text is in no way a substitute for
professional advice from a physician or pharmacist, and it should not be
used as a basis for independent diagnosis and initiation, modification,
or termination of treatment of any disease. Always consult your trusted
physician if you have any health questions or problems.
XV
Contents
1 Basics: Basic Principles of the Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 .1 Sequence of an Immunological Defense Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1 .2 Immune Functions as a Reflection of Cell Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 .2 .1 The Biological Cell and Its General Immune Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 .2 .2 Influences of Food Components on Immune Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1 .3 The Elements of the Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1 .3 .1 Central and Peripheral Lymphatic Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1 .3 .2 Immune Cells and Factors of Innate Defense Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1 .3 .3 Immune Cells and Factors of Adaptive Defense Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Excursus I: Guidelines, Markets and Forms of Application
of Immune-functional Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2 The Immune Barrier: Influence of Food Components
on the Intestinal Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2 .1 Epithelial Barriers of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2 .1 .1 The Intestinal Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2 .2 Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2 .2 .1 The Microbial Colonization of the Intestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2 .2 .2 Influence of Antimicrobial Agents on Gut Microbial Colonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2 .2 .3 Nutritional Factors Influencing Mucus Quality and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2 .3 Influence of Prebiotics and Probiotics on the Intestinal
Immune Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2 .3 .1 Prebiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 .3 .2 Probiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2 .4 Probiotics as An Intervention Option of a Chronic Inflammatory
Bowel Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2 .4 .1 Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2 .4 .2 Probiotics as Interventional Agents Against Ulcerative Colitis
and Crohn's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2 .5 Influence of Intestinal Barrier Inflammation on the Gut–Brain Axis . . . . . . . . 59
2 .5 .1 Signaling Pathways of the Gut–Brain Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2 .5 .2 Functional Interactions Between the Gut Microbiome, Immune Defense,
and Psyche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2 .5 .3 Microorganisms as a Nutritional Therapeutic Approach
to Psychological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Excursus II: Formulation Concepts for Immune-Functional Foods . . . . . . . . . . 67
Enhancing the Efficacy of Immune-Functional Food Components
Through Specific Formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Structuring of Active Ingredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Enzyme and Membrane Transporter Modifying Adjuncts
and Intestinal Absorption Enhancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68