Food and Agricultural Wastewater Utilization and Treatment

284 Pages·2014·3.69 MB·English

by  Sean X. Liu

Food and Agricultural
Wastewater Utilization
and Treatment

Food and Agricultural
Wastewater Utilization
and Treatment
Second Edition
Sean X. Liu
US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service,
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USA
Thiseditionfirstpublished2014©2014byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Liu,SeanX.
Foodandagriculturalwastewaterutilizationandtreatment/bySeanX.Liu.– Secondedition.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-35397-4(cloth)
1. Agriculturalwastes–Management.2. Sewage–Purification. I.Title.
TD930.L5782014
628.1′684–dc23
2013046773
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1 2014
Contents
Prefacetothesecondedition ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Characteristicsofagriculturalandfoodwastewater 1
1.2 Materialbalancesandstoichiometry 18
1.3 Fluidflowrateandmassloading 20
1.4 Kineticsandreactionrates 20
1.5 Theoreticalmodelinganddesignofbiologicalreactors 24
1.6 Processeconomics 27
1.7 Furtherreading 28
1.8 References 28
2 Basicmicrobiologyinwastewatertreatment 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Structuresofcells 30
2.3 Importantmicroorganismsinwastewater 30
2.4 Microbialmetabolism 37
2.5 Nitrification 39
2.6 Denitrification 41
2.7 Furtherreading 42
2.8 References 43
3 Physicochemicalwastewatertreatmentprocesses 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Equalizationbasins 46
3.3 Screening 48
3.4 Flotation 49
3.5 Sedimentation 52
3.6 Coagulationandflocculation 57
3.7 Filtrationprocesses 62
3.8 Adsorption 65
3.9 Chemicaloxidation 70
3.10 Membraneseparations 71
3.11 Ionexchange 93
3.12 Closingremarks 99
vi CONTENTS
3.13 Furtherreading 101
3.14 References 101
4 Biologicalwastewatertreatmentprocesses 103
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Kineticsofbiochemicalsystemsinwastewatermicrobiology 104
4.3 Idealizedbiochemicalreactors 110
4.4 Completelymixedaeratedlagoon(CMAL) 114
4.5 Tricklingfilter(TF) 116
4.6 Rotatingbiologicalcontactor(RBC) 119
4.7 Combinedaerobicprocesses 125
4.8 Contactanaerobicsystems 126
4.9 Furtherreading 131
4.10 References 131
5 Advancedwastewatertreatmentprocesses 133
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Biologicalremovalofnitrogen:nitrificationanddenitrification 135
5.3 Physicochemicalremovalofnitrogen 136
5.4 Biologicalremovalofphosphorus 137
5.5 Physicochemicalremovalofphosphate 141
5.6 Membraneprocessesforadvancedwastewatertreatment 143
5.7 VOCremovalwithpervaporation 146
5.8 Disinfection 147
5.9 Furtherreading 150
5.10 References 150
6 Naturalsystemsforwastewatertreatment 153
6.1 Introduction 153
6.2 Stabilizationponds 154
6.3 Landtreatmentsystems 166
6.4 Wetlandsystems 181
6.5 Floatingaquaticplantsystems 185
6.6 Furtherreading 192
6.7 References 192
7 Sludgetreatmentandmanagement 195
7.1 Sludgequalityandcharacteristics 196
7.2 Sludgethickening(concentration) 197
7.3 Sludgestabilization 201
7.4 Reedbeds 205
7.5 Conditioningofsludge 208
7.6 Dewatering 209
7.7 Landapplicationsandsurfacedisposal 218
7.8 Incineration 219
7.9 Furtherreading 222
7.10 References 222
CONTENTS vii
8 Recoverableproductsandenergyfromfoodandagricultural
wastewaters 225
8.1 Introduction 225
8.2 Waterrecoveryandreuseinthefoodandagriculturalprocessingindustries 228
8.3 Recoverablecarbohydrates,fats,andproteinsforhumanandanimal
consumption 229
8.4 Recoverablearomaflavoringcompoundsfromfoodprocessing 232
8.5 Recoverablefood/agriculturalbiomaterialsfornon-fooduses 233
8.6 Energyorfuelgenerationsfromwastewaters 234
8.7 Algae-basedbiodieselandfuelethanol 237
8.8 Potentialapplicationsofindustrialcommoditiesderivedfromsludge
treatment 239
8.9 Furtherreading 242
8.10 References 242
9 Economicsoffoodandagriculturalwastewatertreatment
andutilization 247
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 Estimatingtheunitcostoftreatingfoodandagriculturalwastewater 248
9.3 Estimatingoverallcostsofwastewatertreatmentprocesseswithsubstance
andenergyrecovery 253
9.4 Furtherreading 254
9.5 References 254
Index 255