Food Analysis: Using Ion Chromatography PDF
Preview Food Analysis: Using Ion Chromatography
EdwardMuntean FoodAnalysis Also of Interest MicrobiologyofFoodQuality. ChallengesinFoodProductionandDistributionDuring andAfterthePandemics Hakalehto(Ed.), ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)---- FoodScienceandTechnology. TrendsandFutureProspects Ijabadeniyi(Ed.), ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)---- ChemistryandBiochemistryofFood Perez-Castineira, ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)---- InstrumentalAnalysis SchlemmerG,SchlemmerJ, ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)---- SupercriticalFluidChromatography Rossé(Ed.), VolumeISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)---- VolumeISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)---- Edward Muntean Food Analysis Using Ion Chromatography Author Prof.Dr.EdwardMuntean UniversityofAgriculturalSciences andVeterinaryMedicineofCluj-Napoca CaleaMănăşturStreet3-5 400372Cluj-Napoca Romania ISBN978-3-11-064438-8 e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-064440-1 e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-064449-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2022939182 BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de. ©2022WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston Coverimage:D-Keine/E+/GettyImages Typesetting:IntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd. Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck www.degruyter.com Foreword Foodisdefinedasbeing“anysubstance,whetherprocessed,semi-processedorraw, which is intended for human consumption and includes drink, chewing gum and anysubstancewhichhasbeenusedinthemanufacture,preparationortreatmentof ’food’” (Codex Alimentarius, 1985). Food products have to provide proper nutrients forconsumerswhilebeingsafeforthem;thisrequirementcanbefulfilledonlywith thesupportoffoodanalysis–asetoftechniquesandmethodsdeliveringinformation about the chemical, physical, microbiological and sensorial attributes of food and rawmaterialsinvolvedinthefoodproduction.Sincefoodanalysisisconcernedwith thedetection,identificationandquantificationofawideareaofsubstancesofinter- estinfoodmatrices,thefoodanalysthasamajorroleinthewholefoodchain,being responsibleforprovidingvalidandaccuratedataonfoodcomposition.Moreover,the analystmustbeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithadiverserangeofprofessionals (e.g. engineers, managers, inspectors, consumers, lawyers, police, etc.); hence, a goodunderstandingofallanalyticalissuesaswellastechnologicalandlegalonesis beneficial.Dataobtainedbyfoodanalysisarecriticaltodescribeinanobjectiveman- ner the propertiesof foods, toassure thattheyare safe,nutritiousand desirable for consumers,beingalsonecessaryforaproperfoodqualitymanagement. Numerous methods are currently used for food analysis: volumetric analysis, gravimetry, electrochemical methods, spectrometry, enzyme-based assays, etc. Amongthese,ionchromatography(IC)gainedanimportantpositioninthelastdec- ades, becoming even the method of choice for many analytes in certain matrix types.Aswillbedetailedlater,ICisananalyticaltechniquefortheseparationand determinationofionicsolutes(inorganiccations,inorganicanions,low-molecular- weightorganicacids,etc.).Thisbookbringsupdatedinformationaboutvariousap- plications of IC in food science, such as food quality control, food authentication andanalysisofresiduesincertainfoodproducts.Inaddition,recentdevelopments ininstrumentationsuchasin-lineeluentgenerationsystems,capillaryICandcom- bustionICarealsodescribed. By its content, the book is addressed to students interested in the subject but can be a real support also for researchers from related fields. Professionals in the food industry, as well as laboratory scientists, must have a detailed knowledge of analytical chemistry and instrumental analysis; they have to be able to integrate thescientificandtechnicalinformationwithaproperunderstandingofthecontext in which thedata they provide are used. The textbook can also fit intothe current concernsofbothproducersandconsumersregardinghealthyfoodproducts,know- ingthecloserelationshipbetweenthestateoftheenvironment,thequalityofagri- cultural crops and the quality of food products, since many ionic substances they containareofmajorinterestforhumanhealth.Thisbookisintendedtoprovidethe necessarysupport forsuchanapproach,offeringacomprehensive reviewbothfor newcomersandmoreexperiencedinthefieldofIC.Itisstructuredinsixchapters, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110644401-202 VI Foreword inwhichefforthasbeenmadetomaintainanappropriatebalancebetweenanalyti- calprinciples,relevanttechnicaldetailsandapplications. Chapter 1 addresses the basic principles of chromatography, underlying some fundamentalissuesaswellasseveralimportantconceptsandaglossaryoftermsto facilitateaproperunderstandingofthenextchapters.Thischapterisintendedfor thenewonesinthefield;hence,thereaderswithproperknowledgeofliquidchro- matographycangetoverit. Chapter2providesaninsightintoIC,highlightingtheinstrumentalsetup,with explanationsfortheprinciplesbehindtheoperationofeachpartofanICsystem.It is intended to be a comprehensive introduction to IC, initiating the reader in the subject, giving also many relevant references (books, scientific papers, websites, etc.).Anoverviewofthemajorsystems’andcolumns’manufacturersontheICmar- ket is included here to assist a laboratory manager in the first steps in the buying decisionforimplementingICanalysisinacertaininfrastructure. Chapter 3 reviews several applications in food science, targeting water, beer, wine, milk and dairy products. A wide range of directions are covered in this con- text,includingfoodqualitycontrol,foodsafetyissuesandfoodauthentication.Rel- evantdataonICanalysisaretabulatedandrepresentativechromatogramscanhelp thereaderrapidlyfindasuitableapplicationforadesiredanalyticalcontext. Chapter4coversseveralrecentdevelopmentsinthefield(in-lineeluentgenera- tionsystems,capillaryIC,combustion IC). Chapters5 and 6 givesomeinsightsinto practical approaches by detailing several sample preparation techniques (dilution, filtration,ultrafiltration,dialysisandsolid-phaseextraction)andaddressingcommon troubleshootingissues. Overall,thetextbookisintendedtoserveasanorganizedresourceforstudents, PhDstudents,researchersandfoodanalysts.IthighlightsthatICcanbeevenmore powerful and efficient when more sophisticated equipment is available, while properknowledgeempowerstheusertoobtainrelevantdatafromthis.Fortunately, there is much information available to allow users to get the most out of this technique. The author welcomes readers’ comments, criticism and ideas for improvement offutureeditionsofthisbook. Specialthankstotheeditors–thankyousomuchforyourpatienceandforyour support! EdwardMuntean, Professor, UniversityofAgriculturalSciences andVeterinaryMedicineClujNapoca,Romania Contents Foreword V Listofabbreviations IX 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Chromatographybasics 2 1.1.1 Qualitativeanalysis 14 1.1.2 Quantitativeanalysis 19 1.2 Glossary 23 References 29 2 Ionchromatography 31 2.1 Instrumentalsetup 34 2.1.1 Themobilephase 36 2.1.2 Themobile-phasedegasser 39 2.1.3 Thepumpingsystem 40 2.1.4 Injectors 44 2.1.5 Tubingandfittings 47 2.1.6 Thechromatographiccolumn 50 2.1.7 Thecolumnoven 54 2.1.8 Thesuppressor 54 2.1.9 Thedetector 57 2.1.10 Thewastereservoir 76 2.1.11 Thechromatographicdatasystem 76 2.2 ICsystems’andcolumns’manufacturers 78 References 80 3 ICapplicationsinfoodanalysis,qualitycontrol,foodsafetyandfood authentication 87 3.1 Water 87 3.2 Beer 98 3.3 Wine 107 3.4 Milkanddairyproducts 118 3.5 Ionchromatographicapplicationsinfoodauthentication 128 References 134 VIII Contents 4 Recentdevelopmentsinionchromatography 137 4.1 Reagent-freeionchromatography 137 4.2 Capillaryionchromatography 140 4.3 Combustionionchromatography 146 References 147 5 Samplepreparationforionchromatography 153 5.1 Dilution 154 5.2 Filtration 155 5.3 Ultrafiltration 156 5.4 Dialysis 157 5.5 Solid-phaseextraction 158 References 160 6 Troubleshootingissues 163 6.1 Baselineproblems 164 6.2 Retentiontimereproducibility 164 6.3 Peakheightandpeakareareproducibility 165 6.4 Ghostpeaks 166 6.5 Changesinpeakshapes 166 6.6 Pressureissuesandleaks 167 6.7 Autosamplerissues 169 6.8 Columnregeneration 170 References 172 Index 173 List of abbreviations 0C Celsiusdegree atm atmosphere AU absorptionunits AUFS absorptionunitsfullscale α Greeksymbolforselectivity CDS chromatographicdatasystem CR-TC continuouslyregeneratedlinetrapcolumn DAD diodearraydetector DEAE diethylaminoethyl dil dilute ECD electrochemicaldetector EDTA ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid g gram FDA FoodandDrugAdministration GLP goodlaboratorypractice GRAS generallyrecognizedassafe HETP heightequivalentofatheoreticalplate HPAE highperformanceanionexchange HPIC high-pressure(capillary)ionchromatography/high-performance(capillary)ion chromatography HPLC highperformanceliquidchromatography i.d. internaldiameter IC ionchromatography kg kilogram LC liquidchromatography LED lightemittingdiode LOD limitofdetection LOQ limitofquantitation Λ Greeksymbolforwavelength μ Greeksymbolfor“micro” M molarity mg milligrams mL milliliters m3 cubicmeters M molecularmass MS massspectrometry N efficiency(numberoftheoreticalplates) N.A. notapplicable p pressure Pa Pascal PAD pulsedamperometricdetection PAR 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol PDA photodiodearray PEEK polyetheretherketone ppb partsperbillion ppm partspermillion ppt partspertrillion https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110644401-204 X Listofabbreviations psi poundspersquareinch PSDVB polystyrene-divinylbenzene PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene RI refractiveindex RID refractiveindexdetector S Siemens S/N signaltonoiseratio SAX stronganionexchanger SEC sizeexclusionchromatography SCX strongcationexchanger SDVB styrenedivinylbenzene SPE solidphaseextraction t° temperatureinCelsiusscale t retentiontime R UV ultraviolet V volume v/v,w/v volumetovolumeorweighttovolume VIS visible WAX weakanionexchanger WCX weakcationexchanger WHO WorldHealthOrganization
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